The Periodic Table

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The Periodic Table
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Elements and the Periodic Table

• The Periodic Table is an organized chart of all
  of the elements in the entire universe
• For example
• Iron (Fe) is an element that is found on Earth.
  The Iron on earth is identical to the iron atoms
  found on meteorites.
• The iron atoms on Mars that make the soil red
  are the same too.

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Elements and the Periodic Table

• Elements are the building blocks of all matter
• Elements are the simplest substance in the
  entire universe. Elements cannot be broken down
  into other substances by chemical or physical
  means (except by nuclear means)
• - Some examples of elements are Gold (Au),
  Oxygen (O), Copper (Cu), Calcium (Ca), Iodine
  (I), Chlorine (Cl), and Neon (Ne)
• Each element has certain properties which
  distinguishes it from other elements
• - These properties are boiling point
  melting point, atomic mass, atomic number,
  etc.

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Elements and the Periodic Table

• Elements have many uses
• Examples
• Boron (B) can be found in many soaps. Boron is
  often found in the compound known as borax and
  refined for other uses.
• Carbon (C) is used in printers ink.
• Paper is composed of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H),
  and Oxygen (O).

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Organization of the Periodic Table

• The periodic table is organized into horizontal
  rows and vertical rows
• The horizontal rows are called periods.
• The vertical rows are called groups.
• There are 7 periods and 18 groups in the
  periodic table
• Groups are numbered 1-18. These numbers refer
  to the number of electrons in the outer shell of
  the elements.
• (This works for the first 20 elements)

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Reading the Periodic Table

• Each square on the periodic table give
  particular information about the atoms of an
  element
• The number at the top of the square is the atomic
  number, which is the number of protons in the
  nucleus of the element
• The element symbol is an abbreviation for the
  element name (usually 1-2 letters)
• The element name is below the symbol
• The number below the element symbol is the atomic
  mass. This is the mass of all of the isotopes of
  the element.

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Fun with Math!!!

• Much information can be derived about an
  elements atomic structure just from the
  information provided in its element box.
• atomic number number of protons
• atomic mass number the total number of protons
  and neutrons
• To find the number of neutrons, you take the
  atomic number and subtract the atomic mass number
• number of neutrons atomic number - atomic mass
  number
• The number of protons is equal to the number of
  electrons
• number of protons number of electrons

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Reading the Periodic Table

• Open your Chemical Interactions text to page
  20-21.
• Metals on the left side of the periodic table
  and nonmetals on the right side.
• -The zigzag line on the right side of the table
  separates metals from nonmetals.
• Notice The black bolded elements are solid,
  the white letters are a gas and there are 2
  liquids on the periodic table

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Categories of the Periodic Table

• Metals
• (general)
• Hard and shiny
• 3 or less valence electrons
• Form positive ions by losing electrons
• Good conductors of heat and electricity

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Categories of the Periodic Table

• Metals (specific)
• Reactive metals (alkali and alkaline earth
  metals)-
• -Alkaline earth metals- very reactive and are
  found in the earths crust.
• -Alkali metals- soft and malleable ductile (
  bendable and can be reshaped)
• Transition metals (includes poor metals)-
• less reactive than most metals
• found in foods we eat, for industry (steel,
  copper), modern technology catalytic converters,
  and incandescent light bulbs), and alloys (steel
  and brass).
• poor metals- soft, low melting points, ex lead
• Rare earth metals (lanthanide series and
  actinide series)-
• -previously believed to be rare, however as
  mining improved, scientist realized that they are
  not rare, just hard to isolate.

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Reading the Periodic Table
NonMetals -Gases or dull, brittle solids -Do not
reflect light -Cannot be rolled into wires or
pounded into sheets -At room temperature, they
can be solids or gases, except Bromine, which is
a liquid. -5 or more valence electrons -From
negative ions by gaining electrons -Poor
conductors of heat and electricity Noble gases-
Group 18, almost never react with other
elements -Some are used to make colorful
lights Halogens- Group 17, very reactive
nonmetals that form salts when combined with many
metals. -Uses to kill harmful microorganisms in
hospitals, to purify drinking water and prevent
growth of algae in swimming pools.
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Reading the Periodic Table

• Metalloids
• Appearance will vary
• 3 to 7 valence electrons
• Form positive and/or negative ions
• Conduct better than nonmetals but nor as well as
  metals
• Properties of metals and nonmetals
• Often used in semi-conductors for computer chips
• NOTE any element above 92 is too unstable to
  occur in nature and must be done in a lab,
  scientist were able to predict existence of
  elements (neon and germaniuim before they were
  even discovered

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Student Misconceptions

• All metals are not magnetic
• Iron is not the only metal that has magnetic
  properties
• Electrical conductivity is not a property of
  only metals
• Carbon rod (graphite) is actually an element
  with properties that are intermediate between a
  metal and a nonmetal
• Not all elements are solids

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• The End
• now you get to

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• Memorize the 1st
• 30 element names
• and symbols!!!
• There will be pop quiz very soon over this
  information!!!

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Elements and the Periodic Table

• Even though elements cannot be broken down,
  they can be combined with other elements in order
  to form new substances.
• For example salt is a compound of sodium and
  chlorine NaCl
• Elements have many uses
• EX Boron (B) can be found in many soaps. Boron
  is often found in the compound known as borax and
  refined for other uses.