Organic Compounds

1
Organic Compounds
2
Types of Organic Compounds

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

3
Carbohydrates

• Elements CHO
• Where found Sugars, Starches (Plant sources)
• Function Energy
• Simple Structure Monosaccharide
• Complex Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

4
Monosaccharide Glucose
5
Other Monosaccharides

• Ribose Pentose sugar, found in RNA
• Fructose Pentose sugar, Fruit sugar, also in
  honey
• Galactose Hexose sugar, isomer of Glucose

6
Formation of Disaccharides by Dehydration
Synthesis

• A molecule of water is removed as two
  monosaccharides are joined to make a disaccharide

7
Examples of Disaccharides

• Maltose GlucoseGlucose, Malt Sugar
• Sucrose GlucoseFructose, Table Sugar
• Lactose GlucoseGalactose, Milk Sugar

8
Lactose Intolerance

• Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest
  significant amounts of lactose
• This inability results from a shortage of the
  enzyme lactase, which is normally produced by the
  cells that line the small intestine
• Between 30 and 50 million Americans are lactose
  intolerant.
• As many as 75 percent of all African-Americans
  and Native Americans and 90 percent of
  Asian-Americans are lactose intolerant.
• Why might we expect such a high incidence of
  lactose intolerance among humans?

9
Oligosaccharides

• Short chains of sugars are called
  oligosaccharides
• They are typically found in beans
• They are indigestible until bacteria begin to
  work on them in the large intestine,
  producinggas!

10
Polysaccharides
Starch or AmyloseStorage form of sugar in plants
Cellulose Forms plant cell walls
Notice difference in linkages between sugars in
these molecules
11
Polysaccharides Glycogen

• Glycogen is the storage form of sugar in animals,
  typically found in the liver.
• Which hormone in humans regulates the storage of
  sugar as glycogen?

12
Lipids

• Elements C,H,O (P)
• Where found Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
• Function Energy storage, formation of plasma
  membranes, insulation
• Simple forms Glycerol and fatty acids
• Complex form Triglyceride

13
Simple forms Glycerol Fatty acids

• Glycerol
• Saturated Fatty acids have all single bonds
  between carbons
• Unsaturated Fatty acids have 1 or more double
  bonds between carbons

14
Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil

• Generally oils consist of unsaturated fatty acids
  and solid fats consist of saturated fats
• Saturated fats are implicated in atherosclerosis
  and heart disease
• What happens when you hydrogenate a vegetable
  oil?

15
Forming a Triglyceride by Dehydration Synthesis

• Triglycerides consist of a glycerol joined to
  three fatty acids

16
Other Lipids Phospholipids and Steroids

• Phospholipids make up plasma membranes
• Examples of steroids include cholesterol(pictured)
  and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone

17
Proteins

• Elements CHON(S)
• Where found Animal products such as meat, milk
  and eggs, Grains
• Function Build structure, act as enzymes,
  hormones, antibodies
• Simple Structure Amino Acid
• Complex Structure Polypeptides

18
Simple Structure Amino Acid

• The amino acid consists of an amino group (NH2),
  carboxyl or acid group (COOH), and an R group
• The R group is a variable - there are 20
  different R groups for the 20 different amino
  acids

19
Nonpolar Amino Acids
20
Polar and Charged Amino Acids
21
Nucleic Acids

• Elements CHONP
• Where Found DNA, RNA, ATP, ADP
• Function Code for proteins, carry hereditary
  information, energy storage
• Simple form Nucleotide
• Complex form Nucleic acids

22
Simple Form Nucleotide

• Nucleotides consist of three parts simple sugar,
  nitrogen base, phosphate group
• Phosphate group confers a negative charge
• Sugar either ribose or deoxyribose
• Nitrogen bases Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine,
  Guanine, Uracil

23
Complex Forms Chains of nucleotides

• Nucleotides are linked between the phosphate
  group of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next
• RNA is a single chain and DNA is a double chain