Take your test today by 5!

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Take your test today by 5!
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Shadowing

• Many early studies employed variations on a
  paradigm called shadowing

Four score and seven years ago
Four score and seven years ago
It was the best of times, it was the worst of
times
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Stages of Selection

• The other possibility is Late Selection

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Stages of Selection

• Testing Early Selection Theory - what prediction
  can be made?

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Stages of Selection

• Testing Early Selection Theory - what prediction
  can be made?
• Information (such as words) in unattended channel
  shouldnt be processed for meaning

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Stages of Selection

• Testing Early Selection Theory - what prediction
  can be made?
• Information (such as words) in unattended channel
  shouldnt be processed for meaning
• Demonstrates that Early Selection Theory is not
  entirely correct

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Stages of Selection

• Testing Early Selection Theory - what prediction
  can be made?

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Stages of Selection

• Testing Early Selection Theory - what prediction
  can be made?
• Should be able to find differences in brain
  activity in primary sensory areas (A1, V1)

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Stages of Selection

• Electrical activity recorded at scalp (EEG) shows
  differences between attended and unattended
  stimuli in A1 within 90 ms

Hansen Hillyard (1980)
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Stages of Selection

• Evidence exists for both early and late selection
  mechanisms
• One interpretation early reduction in sensory
  gain followed by late suppression of unselected
  information

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Orienting Attention
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Control of Attention

• Major Distinctions

Voluntary
Reflexive
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Control of Attention

• Major Distinctions

Voluntary
Reflexive
Covert
Overt
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Voluntary Orienting

• shifting attention by willfully selecting a
  location in space (or a frequency of sound)

Eye movements (overt orienting)
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Voluntary Orienting

• Attention can be oriented covertly
• a commonly used metaphor is the spotlight of
  attention

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Paradigms Used To Study Attention

• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm

VALID CUE TRIAL
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention

• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm

VALID CUE TRIAL
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention

• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm

VALID CUE TRIAL
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention

• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm

X
VALID CUE TRIAL
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention

• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm

Subject presses a button as soon as x appears -
dependent variable is response time (RT)
VALID CUE TRIAL
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention

• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm

INVALID CUE TRIAL
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention

• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm

INVALID CUE TRIAL
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention

• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm

INVALID CUE TRIAL
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention

• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm

X
INVALID CUE TRIAL
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Paradigms Used To Study Attention

• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm

Attention Effect Valid RT - Invalid RT
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Voluntary Orienting

• Under what circumstances would a cue lead to a
  voluntary shift of attention?

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Voluntary Orienting

• Under what circumstances would a cue lead to a
  voluntary shift of attention?
• Informative cue
• Validity greater than 50

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Voluntary Orienting

• Under what circumstances would a cue lead to a
  voluntary shift of attention?
• Informative cue
• Validity greater than 50
• What is another way to make this paradigm a
  voluntary orienting paradigm?

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Voluntary Orienting

• What is another way to make this paradigm a
  voluntary orienting paradigm?

Symbolic cues orient attention towards another
location. Stimulus cues orient attention to the
stimulated location.
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Voluntary Orienting

• What is the time course of voluntary orienting?

Invalid
Response Time
Valid
Cue - Target Interval
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Reflexive Orienting

• Attention can be automatically summoned to a
  location at which an important event has
  occurred

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Reflexive Orienting

• Attention can be automatically summoned to a
  location at which an important event has
  occurred
• Loud noise
• Motion
• New Object
• We call this attentional capture

Transients
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Reflexive Orienting

• The Posner cueing paradigm confounds reflexive
  and voluntary orienting

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Reflexive Orienting

• The Posner cueing paradigm confounds reflexive
  and voluntary orienting
• How could we change the Posner cueing paradigm to
  make it asses only reflexive orienting?

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Reflexive Orienting

• The Posner cueing paradigm confounds reflexive
  and voluntary orienting
• How could we change the Posner cueing paradigm to
  make it asses only reflexive orienting?
• Make validity 50 (non-informative cue)

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Reflexive Orienting

• Time course of reflexive orienting is
  counterintuitive

Response Time
Valid
Invalid
0
500
1000
Cue - Target Interval (ms)
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Reflexive Orienting

• Time course of reflexive orienting is
  counterintuitive
• Delayed response at validly cued location after
  long cue-target interval is known as IOR

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Reflexive Orienting

• Time course of reflexive orienting is
  counterintuitive
• Delayed response at validly cued location after
  long cue-target interval is known as IOR
• Thought to occur because attention goes to cued
  location, then leaves and is inhibited from
  returning

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Reflexive Orienting

• Can symbolic cues be reflexive?

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Reflexive Orienting

• Can symbolic cues be reflexive?

Reflexive orienting to direction of eye gaze
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Reflexive Orienting

• New objects capture attention