Major Environmental Concerns

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Major Environmental Concerns

• 1. Concentrated Fish Waste (feces)
• 2. Concentration of Parasites
• 3. Disease Treatments Not for Human
• Consumption
• 4. Feed Contaminants
• 5. Different Fatty Acid Profiles
• 6. Escapees Can Endanger Natural Species

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Concentrated Waste

• 1. Feces and Unconsumed Food
• Gross Exaggerations Amt Feces
• 2. Best Countered by Proper Siting
• Good Current Flow can Dilute
• Early Salmon Farms Poorly Sited
• Food Consumed by Other Species
• 3. Real Problem - Siting Crucial

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Concentration of Parasites

• 1. Viral Outbreaks Penned Herring
• Salmon, Shrimp - Real Threat
• 2. Cleanliness Biosecurity as Defense
• 3. Salmon Lice (Crustacean Copepod)
• Adult Penned Salmon Hosts, Natural
• Run Smolt Affected.
• 4. Real Problem Siting is Crucial

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Disease Therapeutics Dangerous

• 1. Marine Few Antibiotics Actually Used
• Marine Bacteria are Gram Positive
• Freshwater There Have Been Problems
• 2. Malachite Green - Outlawed
• Still Used by Unscrupulous Companies
• 3. Concern Justified, Diminishing

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Feed Contaminants

• 1. 1990s Bad Feed Produced in Europe
• Dioxin Contaminated Lipids Used
• 2. Contamination Discovered Quickly
• Contaminated Feeds Destroyed
• Some Fish Had to be Destroyed
• 3. Since Mad Cow in Europe, Feeds
• Much More Carefully Scrutinized
• 4. Problem in Past - Now Lowered Concerns

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Escapees

• 1. Always Some Escapees - Storm Damage
• Containment Broken, More Escapees
• 2. Presumption Competition with Locals
• 3. Escapees Found After Successful Spawn
• 4. Locals Can Out Compete Escapees
• Locals Attuned to Environmental Conditions
• Steelhead vs. Atlantic Salmon
• 5. Theoretical Issue Probably Not that Big a Deal

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Top 10 Aquaculture Producers 2004

• China 30.61 Mmt
• India 2.47
• Viet Nam 1.20
• Thailand 1.17
• Indonesia 1.05
• Bangladesh 0.91
• Japan 0.78
• Chile 0.67
• Norway 0.64
• United States 0.61
• Other countries 5.35
• Total 45.47

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2004 Top 10 Species Groups

• Carps Cyprinids 18.30 Mmt
• Oysters 4.60
• Clams Oysters 4.12
• Freshwater Fish 3.74
• Shrimp Prawns 2.48
• Salmon, Trouts, Smelts 1.98
• Mussels 1.86
• Tilapia Cichlids 1.82
• Scallops 1.17
• Marine Molluscs 1.07

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Shrimp Aquaculture

• Major Species All Penaeid All Saltwater
• Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
• Giant Tiger Prawn Penaeus monodon
• Kuruma (Japan Taiwan) Penaeus japonicus
• Prices Reach 220 per kg.
• Western Blue Shrimp Penaeus stylirostris
• Central America Wiped Out Late 1980s
• China White Shrimp Penaeus chinensis
• Chinese Farms Wiped Out in 1993

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Shrimp Life Cycle

• 1. Females have 50,000 to 1 Million Eggs
• 2. Release 1 Day, Hatch Nauplii eat Yolk Sac
• 3. Metamophose Zoea eat Phytoplankton
• 4. Metamorphose Mysis eat Zoo Phytoplankton
• 5. Metamorphose Juvenile Shrimp.
• 6. After 2 or 3 Molts Males (Protandry)
• 7. After 5-7 Molts Females. Producing Eggs
• Requires More Energy - Hence Bigger Females

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Shrimp Farming

• 1. Marine but Usually Pond Culture
• 2. Purchase Juveniles from Hatcheries
• 3. Feed with Micro Particular Feeds
• Very Good Conversion Ratio 1.21
• Co Culture with Bivalves
• 4. Harvest only Largest - Use Mesh Allowing
• Only Largest Females to be Caught

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Tilapia
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Shrimp Hatchery
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Shrimp Ponds
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China Shrimp Ponds Hainan Island
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Aerating Shrimp Ponds I
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Aerating Shrimp Ponds II
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Large Penaeid Shrimp Java
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Pacific White Shrimp
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Tiger Shrimp
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Percent Total Protein in Diet from Fish

• 1. US Canada 7
• 2. Europe 11
• 3. Africa 17
• 4. Asia 26
• 5. South America - NA

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