Chapter 5 The Skeletal System

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Chapter 5The Skeletal System
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Skeletal Types

• Hydrostatic
• Exoskeleton
• Endoskeleton

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Skeletal System

• Functions
• Protection
• Support
• Movement
• Formation of blood components
• Mineral homeostasis (calcium, phosphorus)
• Organs/tissues bones and joints
• Connective tissue

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Human Endoskeleton

• Tissues bone, cartilage
• Functions
• Growth
• Support, protection
• Allowing movement
• Mineral bank storage for calcium and phosphorus
• Blood production hemopoesis in red bone marrow
• Energy storage adipose tissue in yellow marrow

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Terminology

• Diaphysis shaft of bone
• Epiphysis end of bone
• Articular cartilage covers epiphysis at a joint
• Periosteum membrane covering outer bone surface
• Endosteum lines cavity of bone
• Joint where two bones meet arthrosis

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Bone Cells

• Chondroblasts produce cartilage
• Osteoblasts
• Young bone-forming cells that cause the
  extracellular matrix of bone to develop
• Osteocytes
• Mature bone cells that maintain the structure of
  bone
• Osteoclasts
• Dissolve bone

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Compact Bone
Strength
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Spongy Bone
Buttressing Red (and yellow) bone marrow
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Growth
Cartilage?osteoblasts?1o ossification center ? 2o
ossification Osteoblasts trapped in calcium
matrix become osteocytes
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Remodeling

• Compression stress
• Osteoblasts lay down bone under high stress
• Osteoclasts remove bone in low stress areas
• Final shape of bone corresponds to stress forces

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Bone Breakage

• Hematoma
• Fibroblast migration
• Callus formation
• Osteoclasts/blasts remodel
• Repair is stronger than the original

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Hormonal Regulation

• PTH
• Calcitonin

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Skeleton
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Axial Skeleton

• Skull
• Cranial bones
• Facial bones
• Vertebrae
• 7 cervical
• 12 thoracic
• 5 lumbar
• Sacrum and coccyx
• Ribs
• 12 (7 true, 5 false with last 2 floating)

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Skull
Infant
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Cranial Bones of the Skull

• Frontal
• Ethmoid
• Sphenoid
• Parietal (2)
• Temporal (2)
• Occipital
• Foramen Magnum

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Facial Bones of the Skull

• Lacrimal (2)
• Nasal (2)
• Zygomatic (2)
• Maxillary (2)
• Palatine (2)
• Vomer
• Mandible

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Vertebral Column
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Vertebrae

• Body
• Articulations
• Ribs
• Vertebral
• Intervertebral disk

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Herniated Disk
CT
MRI
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Ribs and Sternum

• Numbered according to attachment to thoracic
  vertebrae
• 1-7 attached to sternum
• 8-10 attach to 7 (indirectly to sternum)
• 11, 12 floating

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Appendicular Skeleton

• Pectoral girdle
• Clavicle
• scapula
• Arm
• Hand
• Pelvic girdle
• Innominate (ilium, ischium, pubis)
• Sacrum
• Leg
• Foot

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Pectoral Girdle, Arm, and Hand
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Pelvic Girdle, Leg, and Foot
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Pelvis Female and Male
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Joints Classified by Movement

• Fibrous pad of connective tissue
• Sutures
• Cartilagenous held by cartilage
• Vertebral, ribs
• Synovial
• Freely moveable

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Synovial Joint (Synarthrosis)

• Ligaments
• Joint capsule
• Synovial membrane
• Articular cartilage (hyaline)
• Synovial fluid

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Hinge Joint

• Movement in one plane
• Elbow, knee

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Ball and Socket Joint

• Movement in all planes
• Hip, shoulder

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Saddle Joint

• Back and forth, up and down, no rotation
• Thumb

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Other Types of Synarthroses

• Ellipsoid
• Wrist
• Pivot
• Neck
• Gliding (plane)
• Midcarpal and midtarsal joints

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Knee Joint
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Types of Movement
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Types of Movement