The Reproductive System

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The Reproductive System

• Make gametes egg sperm
• Deliver sperm
• Place for gametes to meet - fertilization
• Place for the embryo/fetus to grow
• Way to get out delivery
• Way to feed the newborn

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Pelvic diaphragm (urogenital diaphragm)
Levator ani
coccygeus
piriformis
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Episiotomy Perineum
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Gynecomastia abnormally large breasts in male,
hormonal imbalances
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Fig. 26.23(TE Art)
Superficial fascia
Suspensory ligaments
Areola
Nipple
Pectoralis major muscle
Deep fascia
Lactiferous duct

• Glandular tissue glands ducts
• Connective tissue ligaments
• Adipose tissue

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Axillary tail
Retromammary space
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Breast Cancer

• Breast cancer is the 1 (maybe 2 now) cause of
  death of women between the ages of 35-54
• 1.5 of breast cancer incidence and mortality
  occur in men (1300 cases, 400 deaths per year)
• Women in the US have a 1 in 8 lifetime risk of
  developing breast cancer
• Age 20 1 in 2,187
• Age 30 1 in 258
• Age 40 1 in 67 (start having yearly mammograms)
• Age 50 1 in 38

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Uterine tube
ovary
peritoneum
uterus
Cervix of uterus
vagina
bladder urethra
Labia minora Labia majora clitoris Recto-uterine
pouch Vesico-uterine pouch
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infundibulum
isthmus
Uterine tube
ampulla
ovary
fimbriae
Broad ligament
cervix
vagina
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Ovarian ligament
medulla
cortex
Suspensory ligament
Fimbriae of uterine tube
Tunica albuginea
Birth 2 million primary oocytes Puberty 400,000
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ampulla
isthmus
infundibulum
Fimbriae
Tubal ligation
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fundus
Body
endometrium
Myometrium (smooth mm)
perimetrium
cervix
Cervical canal
Cervical glands
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Endometrium
Stratum functionalis
Stratum basalis
myometrium
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Suspensory ligament
Uterine ligaments
Broad ligament
Round ligament
Cardinal ligament
Uterosacral ligament
Rectouterine pouch Vesicouterine pouch
Ectopic pregnancy
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mesosalpinx
mesovarium
mesosalpinx
mesovarium
Broad ligament
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TDF
No TDF
glans
glans
CC CS
Labia minora
scrotum
Labia majora
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Mons pubis
clitoris
Urethra orifice
Labia majora
Vestibule
Vaginal orifice
Labia minora
glans
clitoris
crus
Paraurethral gland
Vestibular bulb
Greater vestibular gland
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Pelvic diaphragm Testes, scrotum, penis Ductus
(vas) deferens Urethra (prostatic, membranous,
spongy)
Parietal peritoneum Bladder, rectum Prostate gland
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• Spermatic cord
• ductus deferens
• blood vessels
• Pampiniform plexus
• nerves

Ductus deferens
epididymis
Rete testes
Efferent ductule
Tunica vaginalis (parietal visceral layers)
Seminiferous tubules (spermatogenesis)
Tunica albuginea
Pathway of sperm
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hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
FSH LH
Test.
Interstitial (Leydig) cell Secrete testosterone
Blood testes barrier
Sustentacular (Sertoli) cell bind testosterone
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Layers of scrotum
Superficial Inguinal ring
External spermatic fascia (internal spermatic
fascia)
Cremaster muscle
Pampiniform plexus
Tunica vaginalis
Testes Covered with TA
Median septum of scrotum
Dartos muscle
3 ways to keep sperm at right temperature
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Inguinal canal
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Spermatic cord covered with spermatic fascia
(external, cremaster mm, internal) Testes covered
with tunica albuginea (tunica vaginalis removed)
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cryptorchidism
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Sperm Facts

• It takes 74 days for sperm to mature
• Young men make 300,000 sperm/minute
• or 400 million/day
• Avg. sperm count 50-120 million sperm/mL
• Lower than 20-25 million/mL infertility
• Sperm count has dropped over last 60 years
• avg. 113 million/mL in 1940
• avg. 66 million/mL today
• semen volume has decreased as well

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• Testicular cancer
• cancer of the testes
• most common in males age 15-35
• abnormal mass in testes
• good survival rate if found early orchiotomy
• Lance Armstrong
• 1996 diagnosed with testicular cancer
• metastasized to lungs brain
• 1997 clean bill of health
• 1999 won 1st Tour de France

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vasectomy
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• 60 of semen
• fructose, fibrinogen PGs

Seminal vesicle

• 30 of semen
• base, clotting enzymes
• fibrinolysin

Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland

• base lubricant

Dorsal view
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Internal urethral sphincter
Prostatic utricle
Ejc. ducts
Spongy urethra
Bulbourethral glands
Ejaculatory ducts Prostatic urethra Membranous
urethra Pelvic diaphragm External urethral
sphincter
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Dorsal vein
Dorsal artery nerve
Corpus spongiosum
C.C
C.S
Corpus cavernosum
prepuce
glans
Urethral orifice
circumcision
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Parasympathetic NS vasodilation
Sympathetic NS peristalsis, sphincter closure
muscle contraction (200
inches/sec)
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Parasympathetic nerves
Nitric oxide
Dilate vessels
cGMP

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