Chapter Seven

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Chapter Seven

• The First Two Years
• Psychosocial Development

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Early Emotions

• The First Half Year
• Distress ? first discernable emotion
• Sadness
• Pleasure ? social smile
• The Older Infant
• Fear
• Stranger wariness
• Separation anxiety

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Social Development

• Stranger Anxiety
• fear of strangers that infants commonly display
• beginning by about 8 months of age
• Attachment
• an emotional tie with another person
• shown in young children by their seeking
  closeness to the caregiver and displaying
  distress on separation

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Social Development

• Harlows Surrogate Mother Experiments
• Monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable
  cloth mother, even while feeding from the
  nourishing wire mother

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Social Development

• Critical Period
• an optimal period shortly after birth when an
  organisms exposure to certain stimuli or
  experiences produces proper development
• Imprinting
• the process by which certain animals form
  attachments during a critical period very early
  in life

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Social Development

• Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were
  terror-stricken when placed in strange situations
  without their surrogate mothers.

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Social Development

• Groups of infants left by their mothers in a
  unfamiliar room (from Kagan, 1976).

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Social Development

• Basic Trust (Erik Erikson)
• a sense that the world is predictable and
  trustworthy
• said to be formed during infancy by appropriate
  experiences with responsive caregivers
• Self-Concept
• a sense of ones identity and personal worth

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Social Development Child-Rearing Practices

• Authoritarian
• parents impose rules and expect obedience
• Dont interrupt. Why? Because I said so.
• Permissive
• submit to childrens desires, make few demands,
  use little punishment
• Authoritative
• both demanding and responsive
• set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open
  discussion

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Social Development Child-Rearing Practices
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Fig12_1
Walks alone
Stands alone well
Walks holding onto furniture
Stands holding onto furniture
Sits without support
Bears some weight on legs
Rolls over
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3
5
2
7
4
6
8
10
12
15
9
14
11
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Age in months
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PYSCHO - SOCIAL 1. Infants and parents bond
during first few months 2. Bonding process of
infants responding to parents / Parents
responding to infant. 3. Individual Temperament
individual style frequency of expressing
needs/wants is genetically influenced / obvious
at birth Temperament of child and expectations
of parents/culture may not match Can cause great
developmental conflict
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Imprinting
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Child mimics the facial expression of Mother
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Culture Attachment Navaho baby is happy
bound, other infant is not.
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ATTACHMENT DISORDER 1. Harlow - studies with
infant monkeys showed contact comfort
needs. Monkeys raised in isolation exhibit
severe deficits in social/emotional
development. Similar deficits found in children
who have been abandoned / neglected by
parents. 2. Attachment Formation - first with
Mother Mother - feed, cuddle, talk Father - play
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Monkey clings to cloth Mother even when she does
not provide the basic need of food. Monkey does
not Attach to the wire mother even tough she
provides Food a basic need. Need for
Attachment is stronger.
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Clings to Mother when in danger
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ATTACHMENT INFLUENCES
1. Infant temperament 2. Caretaker response 3.
Culture Securely attached children more social,
emotionally competent, more cooperative,
enthusiastic, persistent, better problem solvers,
compliant, controlled, playful, popular.
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Reactive Attachment Disorder

• RAD
• John Bowlby
• Robert Karen
• Becoming Attached

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John Bowlby studied children who had been
orphaned (lost one or both parents) during WW II
in England. He found that some where able to get
on with a normal life and others who where not
able to adjust to their loss. Bowlby found
that the difference was in how Securely Attached
the child was to the parent(s). The more
secure the attachment the more likely the
child was to be able to move on and have a normal
adult life in spite of great grief and loss.
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ATTACHMENT PATHOLOGY
RAD
Chronic Under Attached
TRUST ISSUES
Emotional Distance No commitment Revolving
Relationships
Possessive Controlling Cant Let Go
Fear of Abandonment Rejection
Chronic Over Attached
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Attachment Age Old Issue
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Emotions as A Social Window

• Social Referencing ? looking to others for cues
• Dad ? play more ? look to fathers for fun and
  physical play
• Mothers ? look to for care and comfort

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• Shaping Later Emotions
• Use social referencing
• Look for specific messages
• Interest and encouragement ? engage
• Fear and prohibition ? dont engage

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• Self-Awareness
• Body
• Looking in the mirror
• Pride and shame
• Prerequisite for you and me

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The Origins of Personality

• Learning Theory
• Psychoanalytic
• Freud ? oral and anal
• Erikson ? Trust vs. Mistrust ? Autonomy vs. Shame
  and Doubt

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Epigenetic Systems Theory

• Temperament
• Epigenetic ? both genetic and environment

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Dimensions of Temperament

• Determinants of Temperament
• Activity Level
• Rhythmicity
• Approach-Withdrawal
• Adaptability
• Intensity of reaction
• Threshold of responsiveness
• Quality of mood
• Distractibility
• Attention Span

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• Stability and Change in Temperament
• Big Five Dimensions of Personality in Adults
• Extroversion
• Agreeableness
• Conscientiousness
• Neuroticism
• Openness
• Match Between Parent and Child
• Goodness of fit

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Interaction Again

• Becoming Social Partners
• Synchrony coordinated interaction ? attunement
• Cross-Cultural Variations

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• Attachment ? enduring emotional connection
• Proximity-seeking behaviors
• Contact-maintaining behaviors

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• Measuring Attachment
• Bowlby and Ainsworth
• Secure
• Insecure
• Avoidant
• Anxious

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• Attachment and Context
• Quality affected by
• sensitivity to needs
• responsiveness to signals
• interactional play that fosters growth and
  development
• Near environment, social, cultural
• Controversy over day care (Belsky)

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• Importance of Attachment
• Determines whether child will grow up to be
• Social, self-directed, curious
• Aggressive, dependent, withdrawn
• Patterns can change due to circumstances

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