Factors that contribute to successful endurance performance

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Factors that contribute to successful
endurance performance
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AQA Significance of maximum oxygen consumption
in sporting performance through practical
examples response to aerobic training relation
to OBLA and lactate threshold, and the
significance of these relationships to sporting
performance.
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Maximum oxygen consumption VO2 max
Definition VO2 max is the maximum volume of
oxygen that can be utilised or consumed by the
working muscles per minute Absolute VO2 Max
given in litres/min e.g. Mathew Pinsentt
8.51l/min Relative VO2 Max Measured in
millimetres of oxygen per kg of bodyweight per
minute ml/kg/min e.g. Lance Armstrong
83.8ml/kg/min Average male A-level Student
50ml/kg/min
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What sort of sports would require high VO2
MAX? Why?
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• VO2 MAX dependant on 2 things
• an effective oxygen delivery system
• an aerobic friendly muscle structure e.g.
  myoglobin,
• high density of mitochondria

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• VO2 max tests
• Multi stage fitness test (bleep test)
• Harvard step test
• PWC170 TEST predict the power output (watts)
• at a projected heart rate of 170 beats per
  minute
• (bpm). Pwc physical work capacity
• Cooper 12 minute run test

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• VO2 MAX TEST Direct gas analysis
• the most valid and reliable method
• measuring VO2 max
• during the test subjects are measured
• at progressively increasing intensities
• on a treadmill, cycle ergometer or
• rowing machine
• Concentrations of oxygen and carbon
• dioxide inspired and expired are
• monitored

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• Factors affecting maximum oxygen consumption VO2
  max
• Physiology
• Increased VO2 max with high of slow twitch
  muscle fibres (type 1)
• High mitochondrial and capillary density
• High Blood volume and high myoglobin and
  haemoglobin content
• Genetics
• studies say that genetics accounts for 25-50 of
  VO2 max scores
• Olympic champions born with unique potential
  transformed through training into athletic
  performance
• Age
• Typical VO2 max will decrease with age
• 25 VO2 max thought to decrease by 1 each year
  
• regular physical activity can slow this down

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• Gender
• untrained male 3.5l/min, untrained female 2l/min
  - 43 difference
• Training
• training can improve VO2 max by 10-20
• Best methods of training to improve VO2 max are
  continuous, Fartlek and aerobic interval
• training
• Body composition
• Higher body mass, decrease in VO2 max
• Men should aim for 14-17 and women 24-29
• Lifestyle
• Reduced VO2 max for sedentary lifestyle and
  smoking

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• OBLA (onset of blood lactate)
• Definition The point at which lactate acid
  starts to accumulate in the blood and muscles
• OBLA is believed to be reached when
  concentrations of lactic acid reach 4mmol/litre
  of blood
• Untrained 55 60 of VO2max
• Trained 85 90 of VO2max.
• OBLA occurs at different intensities for
  different people

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• Measuring OBLA
• Treadmill
• Bike ergometer
• Rowing ergometer
• Swimming bench
• 4-6 stages
• At each stage heart rate, oxygen consumption and
  blood are taken
• At the point of 4mmol/litre of lactic acid OBLA
  occurs, results are recorded for monitoring

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• OBLA and training
• Improvements observed when lower lactate levels
  are recorded for given exercise intensities
• Shows adaptation of body to cope with higher
  lactate levels, removal is increased through
  BUFFERING ( A process which helps in the removal
  of Lactic Acid and maintains blood and muscle
  acidity
• Lactate acid converted by LDH, once converted,
  dissociates into hydrogen ions (H)
• It is the hydrogen ions which make the muscles
  acidic and causes muscle fatigue
• Lactic acid conversion
• 65 C02 and H2O
• 20 Glycogen
• 10 Protein
• 5 Glucose
• 5 Sweat and urine
• Pyruvate

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• Factors influencing the rate of lactate
  accumulation
• Exercise intensity
• Greater ATP demand at higher intensity exercise
• type 2 muscle fibres possess greater stores of
  glycogen and therefore LDH
• Pyruvate is soon converted to lactic acid
• Muscle fibre type
• Slow twitch type 1 fibres produce less lactate
  due to more mitochondria,
• pyruvate is converted to Acetyle-coenzyme A
  and moves into the mitochondria
• with little lactate production

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• Rate of blood lactate removal
• Removal rate of production equal lactate
  concentrations
• If production exceeds removal then OBLA will be
  reached
• The trained status of the working muscles
• Trained muscles benefit from associative adaptive
  responses
• - Increased aerobic capacity due to higher
  mitochondrial and capillary density
• Improved use of fatty acids as fuel
• - Increased stores of myoglobin

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Males v Females
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