Midterm Reminder

1
Midterm Reminder
Next Tuesday (2/4/03)
Covers lectures 1-6
Closed Book
2
Midterm Reminder
Next Tuesday (2/4/03)
Multiple Choice
60 Questions
Lecture Demos
Bring Scantron F-1712-PAR-L
Bring Calculator
Bring 2 Pencils
3
Midterm Reminder
Next Tuesday (2/4/03)
Consult workbook pages 101 and 102 for preparing
your scantron.
4
Information provided on the test The mass of
the ocean 1.3 1021 kg The mass of the
atmosphere 5.14 1018 kg The latent heat of
fusion for water 80 cal/g The latent heat of
vaporization for water 540 cal/g Salinity (in
) 1.80655 Chlorinity (in ) Residence time
Amount/Rate Heat Heat Capacity temperature
difference mass Heat mass latent
heat Henrys Law CP PA a
5
Logistics
Extra Office Hours This Week Wed. Noon-130
6
Last Lecture

• The Stratosphere
• Atmospheric structure
• Ozone Chemistry Layer
• O2, O3, light
• Ozone Depletion
• Dobson Units, CFCs, trends
• Antarctic Ozone Hole
• Chemistry and physics, PSCs
• Tropospheric (Bad) Ozone

7
Demo 1
8
Lecture 7, Atmospheric Circulation
9
Look For the Following Key Ideas
Different amounts of solar energy are absorbed
at different latitudes. Interaction of the
ocean and atmosphere moderates surface
temperature, shapes Earths weather and climates,
and creates waves and currents. Earths
rotation causes the Coriolis effect, the apparent
curvature of the path of moving air. Large
storms are spinning masses of unstable air that
develop between or within air masses.
10
Overview

• Heat Balance
• Equator to poles
• Coriolis Effect
• Curvature of Air, Water and Missiles
• Global Air Circulation
• Ideal and Real, ITCZ
• Weather and Storms
• Air Masses, Cyclones, Monsoons, and Hurricanes

11
Atmosphere Basics
? The lower atmosphere is a fairly homogeneous
mixture of gases. ? Water vapor occupies up to
4 of the volume of the atmosphere ? The
density of air is influenced by temperature and
water content
12
Atmosphere Basics
13
Atmosphere Basics
14
Uneven Solar Heating and Atmospheric Circulation
Two Primary factors govern the global circulation
of air ? Uneven solar heating ? The Coriolis
effect
15
Atmospheric Circulation
16
Solar Irradiation
17
(No Transcript)
18
Uneven Solar Heating and Latitude
Moving masses of air and ocean currents transport
energy from locations with a surplus to those
with a deficit.
19
Uneven Solar Heating and Latitude
20
Uneven Solar Heating and Latitude
21
Single Cell Model
22
Not Reality
Single Cell Model
23
The Coriolis Effect
deflection of a moving object, caused by the
moving frame of reference on the spinning
Earth. How does this apply to the
atmosphere? As air warms, expands, and rises at
the equator, it moves toward the pole, but
instead of traveling in a straight path, the air
is deflected eastward. In the N. Hemisphere air
turns to the right. In the S. Hemisphere air
turns to the left.
24
The Coriolis Effect
25
The Coriolis Effect
26
The Coriolis Effect
27
Not Reality
Single Cell Model
Heat Transport Only
28
Heat Transport Coriolis
29
Heat Transport Coriolis
30
Heat Transport Coriolis
31
Heat Transport Coriolis
32
Heat Transport Coriolis
33
2-D Winds
34
Atmospheric Circulation Cells
Large circuits of air are called an atmospheric
circulation cells. Three cells exist in each
hemisphere. They Are Hadley cells are tropical
cells found on each side of the equator. Ferrel
cells are found at the mid-latitudes. Polar
cells are found near the poles.
35
Wind Patterns
Cell Circulation Drives Wind Patterns The
doldrums are calm equatorial areas where two
Hadley cells converge. The horse latitudes are
areas between Hadley and Ferrel cells. There is
little surface wind in this area. The trade
winds are surface winds of Hadley cells. The
westerlies are surface winds of Ferrel cells.
36
Wind Patterns
37
Heat Transport Coriolis
38
ITCZ
39
Differential Heating
Monsoons are seasonal patterns of wind
circulation. Characterized by dry winters and wet
summers. Sea breeze is cool air from over the
water moving toward land. Sea breezes occur after
sunrise. Land breezes occur after sunset when
air cooled by the land blows toward the water.
40
Monsoon
41
Sea Breezes And Land Breezes
Top Sea breeze Bottom Land breeze
42
Storms
Storms are regional atmospheric disturbances.
Storms have high winds and most have
precipitation. Tropical cyclones occur in
tropical regions. Extratropical cyclones occur
in Ferrel cells, and are winter weather
disturbances. Both types of storms are
cyclones, or rotating masses of low-pressure air.
43
Cyclones
44
Development stages of a tropical cyclone in the
Northern Hemisphere
Rainfall develops in an extratropical cyclone.
45
Hurricane
Large tropical cyclones are called hurricanes.
46
The Birth of Hurricanes
Hurricane
Typhoon
Tropical Cyclone
willi willi
47
Review

• Heat Balance
• Equator to poles
• Coriolis Effect
• Curvature of Air, Water and Missles
• Global Air Circulation
• Ideal and Real, ITCZ
• Weather and Storms
• Air Masses, Cyclones, Monsoons, and Hurricanes

48
Next Lecture pages 208-220

• Ocean Circulation 1