PowerPoint Presentation Water Pollution

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Water Pollution
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Water Pollution Overview
Sewage dumping
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Water Pollution Overview
Ocean Pollution
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Water Pollution Overview
Oil Spills
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Water Pollution Overview
Urban Water Pollution
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Water Pollution Overview
Urban Runoff
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Water Pollution Overview
Eutrophication
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Water Pollution Overview
Agricultural Runoff
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Water Pollution Overview
Acid Mine Drainage
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Water Pollution Overview
Unsafe drinking water and disease
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Water Pollution Overview
Erosion and sediment deposition
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What is water pollution?

• Any physical, biological or chemical change in
  water quality that adversely affects living
  organisms or makes the water unsuitable for
  desired uses
• Review
• point sources
• nonpoint sources

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Types of Water Pollution(fresh water mainly)

• Infectious agents
• Oxygen demanding wastes
• Plant nutrients and Eutrophication
• Toxic inorganic materials
• Organic chemicals
• Sediment and suspended solids
• Thermal pollution/ thermal shock

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1. Infectious Agents
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Infectious Agents

• Most serious water pollutants in terms of human
  health
• Ex. typhoid, cholera, dysentery, polio, hepatitis
• 25,000,000 deaths each year (2/3 of child deaths,
  80 of sickness in developing countries)
• Comes from untreated human wastes and animal
  wastes
• 2.5 billion people lack sanitation (more lack
  clean water )
• E-coli
• E-c w)

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How to test for unsafe water

• Water that is unsafe to drink usually has many
  types of bacteria in it.
• Instead of testing for all types, usually the
  common coliform bacteria is measured
• one colony of bacteria per 100ml is considered
  unsafe to drink

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2. Oxygen-demanding Wastes
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Oxygen-demanding Wastes

• Healthy water has a high level of dissolved
  oxygen (gt 8ppm)
• Oxygen-poor water (lt2ppm) only supports
  detritivores
• Oxygen is added to the water by diffusion from
  air (affect of temperature) and photosynthesis
• Oxygen is removed by respiration of plants and
  animals
• The addition of sewage and wastes stimulates
  oxygen consumption by detritivores

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Measuring Oxygen Content

• BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
• this measures the demand for oxygen that the
  detritivores place on the system
• how much O2 is used by organisms over a 5 day
  period
• DO Dissolved oxygen content
• how much oxygen is dissolved in the water
• is affected by temperature and aeration

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Water Quality DO
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Oxygen Sag

• The oxygen sag is the pattern of dissolved oxygen
  in a stream that is being dumped into
• The pattern of organisms is determined by the DO
  content
• Know the different types of organisms and where
  they occur
• The length of the oxygen sag will depend upon how
  fast the stream is flowing, and how turbid it is

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3. Plant Nutrients and Eutrophication
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Eutrophication

• Water ecosystems (lakes) are usually limited by
  the amount of nutrients in them.
• Over succession, lakes gradually increase in
  nutrients and productivity
• Humans artificially increase the amount of
  nutrients in lakes through fertilizers, run-off
• The increase in nutrients leads to a series of
  stems culminating in eutrophication

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Steps of Eutrophication

• Nutrients are added to water
• Increase in nutrients cause an algae bloom
• As the algae bloom progresses, the algae begin to
  die, and organic material accumulates on the
  bottom of the lake
• This material supports a boom in the decomposer
  populations
• The decomposers rapidly rob the lake of its
  oxygen, suffocating most other organisms in the
  process

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What Eutrophication Looks Like
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4. Toxic Inorganic materials
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Toxic Inorganic materials

• Heavy metals
• mercury, lead, cadmium and nickel
• lead pipes
• gold mining
• mining wastes, mine drainage
• tin on boat bottoms

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Nonmetallic salts

• Occurs in desert soils
• As water evaporates, high levels of toxins are
  left behind
• Also from road runoff
• ex. selenium and arsenic
• also table salt in very high concentrations
• ex. Salton Sea

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Acids and Bases

• Produced during leather tanning, metal smelting,
  plating, petroleum distillation and organic
  chemical formation
• Coal mining produced sulfuric acid
• ACID MINE DRAINAGE
• Acid rain (HNO3 and H2SO4)

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5. Organic Chemicals
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Organic Chemicals

• Pesticides, oils, plastics, pharmaceuticals,
  pigments, detergents, cleaning solutions, and
  paints
• DDT, etc.
• Stringfellow Site

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6. Sediment and suspended solids
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Sediment and suspended solids

• Largest pollutant by volume in most parts of
  world
• Erosion has increased sediment levels
• 25 billion metric tons of topsoil from runoff and
  erosion
• 50 billion from grazing, construction etc.
• fills reservoirs, fills shipping channels, less
  suitable for life, recreation
• Small levels of sediment are good

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How sediments can be harmful
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7. Thermal Pollution
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Thermal Pollution

• Raising or lowering temperature from normal
  levels
• Water temps are usually stable so organisms are
  poorly adapted to rapid change
• oxygen solubility decreases as temperature
  increases
• most happens in industrial cooling
• can be good for raising species that wouldnt be
  there otherwise
• but can be harmful--gt manatees

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Groundwater pollution
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Relative Polluters of Rivers
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Types of Ocean Pollution

• 1. Red tides
• Storms bring nutrient-rich runoff to the oceans
• these nutrients cause a bloom in phytoplankton in
  the oceans

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Types of Ocean Pollution

• 2. trash

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Types of Ocean Pollution
3. Oil Oil spills have occurred in most of the
shipping lanes in the world (as of 1985) Large
effects on sea surface critters
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Types of Ocean Pollution

• 4. Sewer waste/runoff
• many countries of the world (inc. U.S.) dump
  their waste into ocean
• results in diseases, abnormalities in organisms

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Water Pollution Solutions
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Water Pollution Solutions

• Ban or regulate phosphate detergents
• advanced water treatment to remove them
• Control agricultural runoff
• revegetation, wetlands, riparian, reduce water
  runs off of farms, reclaim water
• Control urban runoff
• golf courses, lawns, pets etc. reduce use
• Control sediments and acids from mines
• revegetation and sediment traps (ponds)
• Control stream bank erosion and protect wetlands
• protect and revegetate

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POINTS OF INTEREST

• NATURES WAY TO PURIFY.
• OUT OF THE 78 STREAMS IN CHINA, 54 OF THEM ARE
  SERIOUSLY POLLUTED.PG. 537
• FLUSHING OF LAKES COULD TAKE UP TO 100 YEARS.
• LAKE WASHINGTON CASE STUDY
• TRACKING DOWN THE CELL FROM HELL

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• EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL

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Clean Water Acts

• Federal Water Pollution Control Act
• Clean Water Act of 1972 (amended 1977)
• goal was to make all U.S. surface waters safe for
  fishing and swimming by 1983 and restores and
  maintain the chemical, physical and biological
  integrity of the nations waters
• established controls for each major type of
  pollutant
• provides billions of dollars for sewage treatment
  plants

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Clean Water Acts

• Safe Drinking Water Act 1974
• established minimum safe levels for drinking
  water
• Superfund established 1980
• Water Quality Act 1987
• established a national policy for nonpoint
  sources of pollution
• 1995 - discharges trading policy established

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Is the legislation working? Some good news

• Between 1972 and 1992 the amount of rivers and
  lakes that are fishable and swimable has
  increased from 36 to 62
• Average phosphorous levels have dropped from
  .12ppm to .079ppm
• DDT has dropped from 1.2ppm to .196ppm
• But, 44 of lakes, 37 of rivers and 32 of
  estuaries are unsafe for fishing and swimming so
  there is more to do.