PreUnit:

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Pre-Unit

• Late Middle Ages

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Age of Faith

• Church Reform and the Crusades

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3 Things Encouraged Revival

• One
• Village Priest marrying (against church law)
• Two
• Simony (selling of church offices)
• Three
• Lay Investiture

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Origins of Reforms

• Reform begins in at Cluny
• Influences popes
• Pass reforming laws

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Preaching Friars

• Major feature
• Wandering friars preach and travel place to place
• Preached to the poor
• Owned nothing and lived by begging

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ExampleOrder of St. Francis of Assisi
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The Crusades
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Crusades

• Holy War
• Wars of conquest based on faith

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First Crusade

• Meant to gain control of Jerusalem from Muslim
  Turks
• July 1099 crusaders

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Christian Kingdom Created

• Divided Palestine into four kingdoms
• Each one ruled by a European noble
• Slowly, over 100 years, recaptured by Muslims

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(No Transcript)
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Second Crusade

• Fought to regain cities lost to Muslims
• Lost all to Saladin (SAL-uh-dihn) by 1187

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Third Crusade

• Meant to reclaim Jerusalem
• Organized by three most powerful rulers in Europe
• Richard the Lionheart (English)
• Frederick Barbarossa (German)
• Philip II The Bold (French)

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Richard
Frederick the Barbarossa
Philip II
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Third Crusade Cont.

• Frederick dies there and Philip leaves
• Richard and Saladin fight to a standstill
• Truce called 1192
• Agreement
• Leaves Jerusalem in hands of Muslims
• Christian pilgrims could visit holy places

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Fourth Crusade

• Called by Pope Innocent III
• Supposed to recapture Jerusalem
• Make it to Constantinople and sack it instead

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Childrens Crusade

• 1212
• Thousands of children set out for the Holy Land
• Some died from cold and starvation
• Rest died at sea or was sold into slavery

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Spanish Crusade

• Called Reconquista
• Effort to drive out Muslims and Jews from Spain

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End of Crusade
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Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution

• Video

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Trade and Finance Expand

• Trends
• Extended trade networks
• Guilds control craft set wages/prices
• Town dwellers enter class system

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Revival in Learning

• Universities ariseBologna and Paris
• Writers use Vernacular language

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Medieval Literature

• Dantes The Divine Comedy
• Chaucers Canterbury Tales

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The Divine Comedy

• Considered the last great work of Middle Ages and
  the first great work of Renaissance.
• It showed the medieval view of the afterlife

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Domenico di Michelino Dante and His Poem (1465)
fresco, on the wall of the church of Santa Maria
del Fiore in Florence (Florence's cathedral).
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Dante led by Virgil into Hell
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The Canterbury Tales
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Thomas Aquinas

• He taught that Greek thought could be used to
  prove religious truths
• Made a saint

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Assignment

• 1. Your group will read and answer the questions
• 2. Compare Contrast
• Analyze the two documents
• How are they alike?
• How are they different?

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France and England Develop
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England
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Early Days

• From 800-1066 many invaders landed in England
• Vikings, Germanic tribes like Saxons and Angles
  and even the Danes

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William I

• 1066 William the Conqueror from Normandy invades
  England
• French in language and culture

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Important

• English kings now own land in France

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England France 1200s
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The House of Plantagenet

• 1154-1485
• Dynamic rulers of England
• The War of the Roses will eventually destroy them

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Henry II

• Henry II marries Eleanor of Aquitaine
• She brings more French land to England
• Sons
• Richard Lionhearted
• John I

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John I

• Failure as a military leader and king
• Lost Normandy and northern lands in France
• Nobles revolted and forced him to sign the Magna
  Carta in 1215

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John I

• King John signing famous document

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Magna Carta

• First document to guarantee basic political
  rights
• No taxation without representation, jury trial,
  and protection under the law

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France
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Class System

• First Estate was church leaders
• Second Estate was nobility
• Third Estate was everyone else

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Capetian Dynasty

• Comes to throne in 987
• Ruled small territory, but heart of it was Paris

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Main Goal of French Kings

• Was to rid France of the English

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Philip II, or Philip Augustus

• 1189-1223
• Went on the third crusade with Richard I
• Weakens England
• Earned title, Augustus, after gaining territory
  from John I

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Philip Augustus raising the oriflamme on 24 June
1190

• Signified kingship

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Philip IV the Fair1268-1314

• Fought with pope
• His reign sees the decline of papal authority

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Philip IV

• Kidnapped the papacy and moves office to Avignon,
  France.
• AKA Phillipe le Bel
• Or Philip the Fair
• Will destroy the Knights Templars

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A Century of Turmoil

• 14th Century
• (1300s)

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14th Century ushered in war, plague, and
religious disputes
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Church Divided
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France vs. Papacy

• Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV of France
  face off
• Pope passes a law that says kings must obey popes

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Philip IV the Fair

• Philip made Boniface a prisoner
• Boniface dies
• Philip convinces Cardinals to choose a French
  Archbishop as next pope

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Second Babylonian Captivity

• 1305 moves papal offices from Rome to Avignon
  (av-vee-NYAWN) in France
• Stay there for next 67 years
• Clement V

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Palace of the Popes
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Ending of Schism

• Council of Constance in 1414 ends schism and
  makes Martin V pope

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Council of Constance
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Inquisition
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Bubonic Plague

• Kills 1/3 of population of Europe
• 25 million people die

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Plagues Beginnings

• Plague began in Asia and traveled along trade
  routes
• Infected Asia, Muslim world, and most of Europe

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Plague Reaction

• Disease ripped apart fabric of society
• Terrified Europeans looked for someone to blame
• Found scapegoat in Jews, who were driven from
  homes or massacred.

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More Plague

• Returned every few years, but never as bad as
  first outbreak

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Effect of the Plague

• Trade declines
• Prices rose
• Workers scarce
• Farmland unused
• Economy crippled

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Peter Bruegel (the elder) "Triumph of Death"
(Black Plague)   (Flemish artist, 1562, oil on
panel, in Museo del Prado, Madrid.  
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Spiritual life becomes either non-existent or
fanatical.
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The Hundred Years War

• Off an on 1337-1453
• Many famous players
• Henry V, Joan of Arc
• End England pushed out of France except for one
  port

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The Battle of Crecy

• First battle
• 1346
• English archers carried the battle against a
  French army three times its size

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The Battle of Crecy
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Battle of Poitiers

• English long bowmen took out the French knights
• French king and his heir taken prisoner and held
  for ransom.

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Battle of Agincourt

• 1415
• English army outnumbered 6,000 to 25,000
• King Henry V of England led his troops to victory

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Results of Agincourt

• It was agreed Henry would become the French king
  after death of Charles VI
• France lost hope

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Heavily armed Knights obsolete
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Henry V of England

• Will marry king of Frances sister and be
  declared as heir to French throne

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Joan of Arc

• Maid of Orleans
• Claimed voice of God told her drive English out.
• Lead troops into Battle of Orleans
• Burned at the stake for Witchcraft

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Charles VII Joan of Arc

• Charles VII crowned king
• Joan captured by Burgundy, Englands allies
• Turned over to church to stand trial for
  witchcraft

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Joans Death

• French king did nothing to save her
• Burned at stake in May 30, 1431

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St. Joan of Arc

• Ca. 1450Vatican overturns her conviction
• 1909Beatified
• 1920Sainted

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Fouquet (or Foucquet), Jean Charles VII of France
c. 1444 (50 Kb) Panel painting Louvre