Intellectual Development 36

1
Intellectual Development 3-6

• Chapter 13 16

2
Understanding Learning and the Mind

• The Role of Intelligence
• intelligence- ability to interpret or understand
  everyday situations and to use that experience
  when faced with new situations or problems
• How much learn is influenced by environment
• Curiosity needs to be encouraged
• Methods of Learning
• incidental learning- unplanned learning
• Cause and effect result of accidentally doing
  something
• Trial-and-error learning- when a child tries
  several solutions before finding one that works
• Experimenting
• Imitation- learning by watching and copying
  others
• Directed learning- learning that results from
  being taught

3

• Concept Development
• Concepts- general categories of objects and
  information
• Learn words and concepts by 3 principals
• Labels for whole objects not parts
• Believe that labels apply to group to which
  individual objects belong
• Believe that object can have only one label
• As mature concepts become more accurate
• Categorize by shape, color, size
• Concepts of life learned later
• Concepts of time improve during second and third
  year

4

• The Mind at Work
• Seven areas
• Attention
• 1-3 short attention spans
• Lengthens with age
• Memory
• Become able to react to situations by remembering
  similar experiences in past
• Perception
• Info received through senses
• Info reinforces established connections in brain
  and sparks new ones
• Gradually brain organizes itself for increasingly
  complex learning
• Caregivers need to talk about what doing
• Use descriptive observations

5

• Reasoning
• Basic to ability to solve problems and make
  decisions
• Important in recognizing relationships and
  forming concepts
• Decision making involves choosing between
  alternatives
• Give opportunity to make own decisions
• Imagination
• Apparent around two
• Active imagination enhances learning
• Respect and respond carefully
• Creativity
• creativity- imagination used to create something
• Curiosity
• Fuels brain development and learning
• Need safe environment and freedom to explore
• Adults need patience and sense of humor

6
Intelligence and Learning from four to Six

• Preoperational Thinking
• 2-7 age
• Use of Symbols
• Learn that objects and words can stand for
  something else
• Make-believe play
• dramatic play- imitate real life situations
• Egocentric viewpoint
• View world in terms of won thoughts and feelings
• Limited focus
• Find it difficult to focus on more than one
  feature at a time

7

• What is Intelligence
• Traditional views of intelligence
• Stanford-Binet is common test used to determine
  intelligence
• intelligence quotient (IQ)- number obtained by
  comparing a persons test results to that of other
  children of same age
• Average IQ is between 90-110
• Problems with intelligence tests
• No one test gives accurate measure of child's
  mental ability only measure one kind of mental
  ability
• Many factors can influence test results physical
  or emotional state at time of test
• Does not tell much about specific abilities
• Strengths and weaknesses
• Use different techniques to place children

8

• Multiple Intelligences
• multiple intelligences- many different ways of
  using the mind and body to experience the world
• 8 intelligences
• Verbal-linguistic- learn best through words
• Logical-mathematical- try to find patterns to
  connect facts and observations
• Visual-spatial- learn easiest through pictures
  and colors
• Musical- hearing rhythms and melodies helps
  promote learning
• Bodily-kinesthetic- skill in moving body through
  space
• Interpersonal- social skills- good at
  communicating with and empathizing with others
• Intrapersonal- more private less social- strong
  will and much independence prefers to play alone
• Naturalistic- revealed by understanding the
  natural world

9

• Helping Children Learn
• Learning from everyday life
• Talk about what they are doing
• Questions help them think
• Explanations and suggestions in simple terms
• Ask child's advice
• Trips and activities
• Helping around house
• Answer questions in simple terms
• Appreciating Reading
• Enjoying reading makes learning easier and more
  fun
• phonemes- individual sounds in words
• Rhyming helps develop
• Alliteration words that begin with same sound-
  helps develop
• bilingual- able to speak two or more languages
• Makes learning to read easier

10

• Choosing Books
• Questions to guide
• Page 490-491
• Introducing Art and Music
• Art helps children
• Express feeling
• Learn control of their body
• Benefit from many different art materials
• Encourage experimentation with materials
• Do not correct or criticize work
• Encourage talking about their artwork
• Use specific praise do not ask what is it
• Music
• 3-6 enjoy rhythm games and singing simple
  repetitive songs
• finger plays- songs or chants accompanying hand
  motions

11
Assignment

• Make a chart
• Label the following columns
• Cooking, cleaning, doing laundry, shopping,
  bathing, one other daily activity of your
  choice
• Under each heading list ways that those
  activities can become a learning experience for
  3-5 year olds.