Diapositivo 1

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Exercise Physiology and Exercise Testing
VO2 max capacity
and hemoglobin
of smokers and
Made by Filipa Liliana Martins Miguel Nugas
non-smokers
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Introduction
Our well-being, due to blood flow, is linked,
among other things, such as oxygen through the
body and especially for our brain. The oxygen,
is conducted trough all body parts by hemoglobin,
which will get it when in the lungs.
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Not all parts of the blood have this capability,
only the red cells because they contain the
hemoglobin, which has the property to combine
with a molecule of oxygen.   So when missing
red blood cells, hemoglobin and also the person
feels its effects. As the hemoglobin is linked
to iron, that is why the examinations of blood,
for example, can detect anemia, which is lack of
iron in the body.
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Sports
Physical activity and healthy sports are
essential to our health and welfare. Contribute
to a healthy lifestyle, along with healthy
eating, life without tobacco and avoid other
dangerous substances to health. The practice of
regular physical activity and sport improves you,
physically, socially and mentally, men and women
of all ages, including people with disabilities.
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Sports VS Tabaco
Cigarette smoking and sport do not mix, and
nowadays it is very rare to find top athletes
that smoke. Studies have shown that the
prevalence of smoking is low among people who
practice exercises.
Carbon monoxide is present in large amounts of
smoking and enters quickly into the blood,
combining with the hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Normally, hemoglobin carries oxygen to the
muscles, into the cells of the body.
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When there is presence of carbon monoxide in
cigarette smoked, about 5 of hemoglobin is
captured by more than five hours. This decreases
the release of oxygen to the muscles during
intense exercise, making efforts seem more
difficult than normal (OGA, 1996).
At rest, and to a lesser extent, during the year,
the nicotine in cigarette smoked increases the
heart rate and blood pressure, blood flow
decreases the heart and increases the need for
oxygen by the heart muscle. During the exercise,
nicotine also increases the levels of lactate in
the blood, substances that can make a person feel
tired or giving up the pursuit when it reaches a
high level. (OGA, 1996).
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The hemoglobin
of a smoker
The molecules of oxygen in the alveoli "jump" to
the blood and adhere to the hemoglobin, resulting
in the oxy-hemoglobin. Often, as in tobacco
smoke is a compound called carbon monoxide (CO).
Hemoglobin have 200 times more affinity for CO
than for oxygen. Result in a smoker blood
there is a significant quantity of
carboxy-hemoglobin.
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The process
To be transported to the tissues, oxygen binds to
hemoglobin, forming the oxy-hemoglobin. The
smoke of the cigarette contains carbon monoxide,
the hemoglobin has two hundred times more
affinity with carbon monoxide than with oxygen,it
forms the carboxy-hemoglobin, which isnot
carrying oxygen. The carboxy-hemoglobin is
usually in the blood levels of 0.4 to 0.6,
reaching to 15 in smokers. In studies with the
aim of determining changes in the concentration
of carbon monoxide, it was found that levels of
this substance increases with the number of
cigarettes smoked. It was also noted that there
is a correlation in the concentrations of carbon
monoxide and carboxy-hemoglobin.
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Figure 1. Value of Hemoglobin (g / dL) and the
number of cigarettes per day
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The smoke of the cigarette increases the carbon
monoxide content in circulation. As a result,
increases the level of carboxy-hemoglobin, and
theres a negative reflection on the amount of
oxygen in the blood.
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The study
A Physical Education student of a Brazilian
university conducted a study - volunteers with
nonsmoking (assets) and smokers (active and
inactive), which were intended to run the maximum
possible meters in 12 minutes (Cooper Test).
Next, we will present the results in relation to
VO2 max, distance traveled, initial heart rate
and blood pressure and final start and end.
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Maximum VO2 The figures were achieved
statistically from the group of non-smokers and
the lowest values from the group of sedentary
smokers after 2h and sedentary smokers after 6h.
In this sense it emphasizes the benefits of
regular physical activity as the benefits for the
VO2 max.
Figure 2. Maximum VO2 values
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Distance traveled Individuals who were not
active smokers covered the longest distance
(2450m), perhaps the smoke could harm the
implementation of physical activity.
Figure 3. distance traveled values
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Initial heart frequency The best values were
observed in non-smokers, due to the good level of
physical conditioning. In the sedentary smokers
(up to 2 hours after the last cigarette), there
was a significant higher values compared with
other groups, the nicotine and the other
chemicals raise the heart rate.
Figure 4. Initial cardiac frequency values
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Final heart frequency Despite the frequency
heart are similar, the active non-smoker can
maintain a high and constant pace, reaching the
12 minutes keeping the same pace, unlike the
sedentary that smokes after 3 to 4 minutes of
activity were already into muscle fatigue, and
reduced the pace as wel as the activity intensity.
Figure 5. final cardiac frequency values
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Initial Blood Pressure Non-smokers have lower
values for both systolic and diastolic pressure.
Sedentary smokers have a higher performing in the
activity (until 2 hours after the last
cigarette). The group of active smokers (after
12h) have lower values of both systolic and
diastolic blood pressure, getting too close to
the group of non-smokers,this shows the influence
of exercise on blood pressure.
Figure 6. Initial arterial pressure values
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Final Blood Pressure The lowest rates were
registered for the group of active smokers (until
2h the last cigarette), a possible explanation to
this effect would be a lesser pace and intensity
of physical activity, emphasizing that the level
of conditioning of these individuals can also be
a factor in this change.
Figure 7. Final arterial pressure values
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Abstract The prevalence of smoking is low among
people who exercise. At rest, and to a lesser
extent, during the year, the nicotine in
cigarette smoke increases the heart rate and
blood pressure, decreases the heart and increases
blood flow and oxygen demand by heart muscle. In
the exercise, nicotine also increases the levels
of lactate in the blood, but there is no
conclusive evidence that exercise helps people to
stop the habit of smoking, most programs include
disruption of the exercise as a vital component.
The study was able to verify that for smokers
there is a relation between the time when the
last cigarette was smoked and the exercise. It
was also noted that the ability of VO2 max is
lower than in non-smoker.
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Conclusion
A sportsman smoker shows higher levels of
hemoglobin than the sportsman who does not smoke,
metabolism of smokers need to produce more red
blood cells, due to fixation of CO (carbon
monoxide) resulting from tobacco smoke, be 200
times more that the fixation of the O2 (oxygen).
For the O2 to get under normal conditions to all
the body cells , the smokers metabolism will
produce higher levels of hemoglobin.
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Oddities The blood of a smoker, is thicker than
the blood of a non-smoker. This can be harmful
to the blood flow of such individuals. It is
easier for a smoker to have heart and blood
circulation problems and diseases.
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End