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GPSG, HPSG, LFG

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Movement: Wh-movement, relativisation, topicalization, V2, Subject-Aux inversion, ... Masculine feminine is OK (la femme et l'homme sont venus) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: GPSG, HPSG, LFG


1
GPSG, HPSG, LFG
  • Jack Hoeksema

2
Syntax in the 1970s
  • Rapid growth of transformations
  • Movement Wh-movement, relativisation,
    topicalization, V2, Subject-Aux inversion,
    Extraposition, Passivization, Raising to Subject,
    Raising to Object, Verb Raising,Quantifier
    Raising, clitic movement, etc.
  • Deletion Gapping, RNR, conjunction reduction,
    VP-deletion, have/be deletion, complementizer
    deletion, Equi-NP deletion

3
Leading to
  • Complex derivations, reaching their apex in
    generative semantics, with extremely abstract
    underlying structures related to surface forms by
    a multitude of transformations

4
E.g. Postal 1970 On the surface verb remind
  • me PERCEIVE Larry SIMILAR Winston Churchill gt
  • Larry reminds me of Winston Churchill

5
Emonds 1970 and 1976
  • Limit the possibilities of transformations
  • Structure-preserving transformations only
  • So no tree-pruning, nor tree-building by means
    of transformations

6
(No Transcript)
7
Brame 1976 Conjectures and Refutations in Syntax
and Semantics
  • Chain of mutually dependent transformations
    Equi-NP deletion, passive, raising to object
  • If one falls, so will the others
  • Making the transformational theory a house of
    cards

8
Bresnan 1978 Realistic syntax
  • Problem with 1960s transformational syntax was
    lack of psycholinguistic support
  • The theory of derivational complexity had fallen
    apart it does not predict order of acquisition,
    nor ease of computation
  • A more realistic theory would not use
    transformations in a model of online production

9
  • Cf. Joan Bresnan, 1978, A Realistic
    Transformational Grammar, in Morris Halle, Joan
    Bresnan, and George A.Miller, eds., Linguistic
    Theory and Psychological Reality, The MIT Press,
    (pp. 1-59).

10
Local transformations or base structure?
  • John was rescued by Mary
  • lt Mary rescued John (transformation)
  • John was rumoured to be gay
  • (they rumour John to be gay)
  • A Toyota was had by John
  • (lt John had a Toyota)
  • Alternative two base structures

11
Like so
12
and so
13
The main problem
  • Long distance movement
  • Could not be done away by nontransformational
    means in the same way as the local
    transformations

14
Gazdar 1979 (1981)
  • Long-distance dependencies without movement by
    recursive feature-passing

15
Introducing slash features
16
And so on
17
GPSG Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar
  • Let G be a context-free grammar
  • For each rule A -gt B C add new rules
  • A/D -gt B C/D and A/D -gt B/D C (metarule)
  • And as well as X/X -gt e (for all X) (slash
    termination)
  • And S -gt XP S/XP (slash introduction)

18
Bonus
  • Coordinate Structure Constraint for free
  • No need for Across-the-Board convention
  • Beans, I like but Mary despises.
  • Beans, I like salad but Mary despises.

19
Recursive feature passing needed elsewhere in the
grammar
  • E.g. rel
  • The boy who stole the bike
  • The boy whose brother stole the bike
  • The boy whose brothers girlfriend stole the bike
  • All bikes the colour of the handlebars of which
    is blue
  • The boy about whose brother we are speaking

20
A sample tree with feature passing
21
Similarities with slash
  • The boy whose brother and whose sister were
    abducted
  • The boy whose brother and Jim were abducted

22
Properties of GPSG
  • Heavy use of features
  • Metarules, next to regular PS rules
  • Later stages separation of Immediate Dominance
    from Linear Precedence
  • General feature passing mechanisms
  • Head Feature Convention and Foot Feature
    Principle

23
Separating ID from LP
  • PP -gt P NP (in the car)
  • PP -gt P PP (from behind the car)
  • VP -gt V NP (drive the car)
  • VP -gt V PP (drive into the garage)
  • Or
  • XP -gt X, YP (ID) and X lt YP (LP)

24
OUT
25
And out
26
Note
  • Not all features count for coordination, only
    foot features do
  • Masculine feminine is OK (la femme et lhomme
    sont venus)
  • Singular plural is OK (the boy and the girls
    are in the yard)
  • First and second person is OK (Me and you, we are
    a good team)

27
Later developments
  • HPSG Head-driven phrase structure grammar (1984
    2005), deriving from the dissertation of Carl
    Pollard
  • Adopts the idea from categorial grammar that
    PS-rules can be discarded because the selection
    information of lexical heads predicts phrase
    structure
  • Is used frequently in computational linguistics

28
LFG Lexical Functional Grammar
  • Joan Bresnan
  • 1980-2005

29
Properties
  • Two levels of structure
  • C-structure (tree)
  • F-structure (representation of grammatical
    functions)
  • Mappings between C-structure and F-structure
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