Colonel Sanders

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Lecture 7
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Colonel Sanders
Dad died when 6
Mom left when 12
Opened restaurant success
Highway changed lost everything
At 65 on 105 a month he decided to sell recipe
not spices just recipe
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Block 7 go to
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About your labs

• Titles
• Hypothesis
• Procedure etc
• Displaying data
• Graphs
• Tables

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Homework

• Read pages 86 to 88
• 90 to 94
• Chapter Review page 107 problems
• 18 through 22
• And the handout
• Bonding Worksheet 10

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Now that we understand what atoms arehow do they
interact
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Inner and outer atom
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When something is as small as an atom the easiest
thing to study is how it reacts with other atoms
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Bang
Could the bang be a hint to what the atom is all
about?

• Energy lost or gained?

Or Shifted?
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• what is it that makes one chemical bind while
  another breaks apart???

Why dont we explode or melt like an ice cube
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Great truth as told by plumberswater always flow
down hill
Tendency toward lower energy
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So what makes our atoms collide together and bind

• Alone most atoms are not stable
• Together they are stable

Thank God they are not
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And it all has to do with the pesky electron

• Wait just one minute
• Are you telling me that the bonding of all matter
  in the cosmos is due to the electron?

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Each element has a specific number of protons
this is the Atomic Number

• If an element has 32 protons what element is it
• If you crack one alpha particle (2 protons 2
  neutrons) off zinc you get what
• What do you get when you crack a proton off
  mercury Hg

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And while the nucleus draws in electrons it is
not the number of protons that determines the
number of electrons in the electron cloud
If is not the charge of the nucleus then what
does????
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Why does the umpire clean the ball after the
pitcher throws into the dirt???
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A question of balance
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The number of electrons that is held will dictate
if it is balanced

• Unbalanced will induce instability

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To understand the electron you must understand a
beach ball
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Geosynchronous orbit
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And the real amazing news is that the of the 109
elements all but 6 are out of tune.

• So how do the other 103 gain balance ???

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Imagine spinning the beach ball with a single
metal washer glued to it
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By gaining or losing electrons until a stable
state is found

• How many electrons does it take to make a stable
  state

Depends which orbit kind of like our
geosynchronous satellite
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First shell is small and is called

• The S shell it holds up to 2 electrons

Second set of shells includes another S shell and
a larger P shell
The P shell can hold up to 6 electrons
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Closeness matters

• The S and P shells are closely associated and
  make up the octet

Inner orbit is 1s Outer orbits are 2s 2p
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Like painting a car the outer most coat is what
dictates how it will look

• For an atom it is the outer most pair of shells
  that dictates how stable it will be

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Lithium atom
To be stable it can gain 5 electrons lose one
electron or can share 5 electrons with another
atom
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Fluorine atom
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Oxygen

• Helium

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We have described the atom itself from the work
of Rutherford with the gold foil
expermentCrooks with the crooks tube
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But what about this electron cloud
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Is this how it is?
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Why dont the electrons fall inside the nucleous?

• What keeps them at a distance

What gives substances color
What enables florescence the ability to collect
and hold light
The answer is in the wave
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Today we are going to study more accurately the
shape of the electronic cloud
The Bohr model
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The wave form is the reason behind the glow of
the Frisbee

• The wave form is the reason behind the color of
  a flame

The wave form is the reason these pieces of metal
change color
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To understand why electrons dont fall into the
nucleus we need to understand basic physics of
wave motion
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Basically waves are accumulation of mass due to
applied energy
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Energy forces matter To clump leaving voids
Why are there Spaces between The clouds?
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The consistent and periodic ripples a boat makes
in water
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The stacking of anything in response to pressure
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Electrons are forced into specific waves around
the nucleus.

• These wave forms force the electrons into
  specific orbits called
• quantum orbitals

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Imagine if there were a million sliding beads on
a very long vibrating string.
Would they shift to any particular spots on the
vibrating string?
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The way energy takes the form of waves is
critical to the understanding of the electron
cloud
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Wave motion forces matter into a particular
pattern

• Could this be what forces electrons into a
  particular orbit around a nucleus?

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Glow in the dark
phosphors
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Mendeleyev
He worked with Cannizzaro Wrote his own chemistry
book He worked on periodic table leaving wholes
Worked with Bunsen
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Mendeleyev used the Sanskrit word eka, which
means the next one,'' and gave names to the
undiscovered elements, eka aluminium, eka
silizium, eka bor Less than ten years the three
elements were found., eka aluminium
wass Gallium eka bor was Scandium eka
silizium was Germanium.
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Mendeleyev
Czar asked Mendeleyev to cut his hair

• He did not receive the Nobel prize
• because he was said to be
• Arrogant in his predictions

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Worksheet and 18-22

• Get homework

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Do nature of light worksheet and go over review
for exam
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Lab makeup on Wednesday 700 am
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Return papers
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Pick a student to keep time

• You have an exam next class we will review the
  last half hour

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We have studied atoms

• But what is in-between atoms

My brothers question
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Water and Alcohol demonstration11 ?
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To gain a deeper understanding of the atom we
need to learn a little more about waves and light
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1)     A wave form have consistent size2)     A
wave form has a particular frequency 3) A wave
form has a particular speed
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Characteristics of waves

• The frequency is written as Hertz which is crests
  or cycles per second
• The wavelength is written in meters
• the amplitude of a wave is measured
• half way between the top and the bottom

Waves force a particular spacing architecture
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Now what exactly is light?
Light is composed of waves Not water or air waves
but electromagnetic waves that have no mass and
no charge and move at the speed of light.
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So what are these electromagnetic wavesAre they
particles or waves?
Einstein felt they were both particles and waves
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• How do we perceive electromagnetic waves of Light

We see them
We Feel them
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• Newton realized by studying oil on water and
  prisms that visible light is a mixture of many
  different individual frequency of light called
  colors

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• Herschel in his experiment took a thermometer and
  placed it in the light that was displayed in a
  spectrum.

Hot side cold side
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Herschel showed us that we visually see only a
small percentage of the total electromagnetic
spectrum
Low energy vs High energy
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A very slow invisible radio waves have a
frequency of 1 hertz or one cycle per second

• Visible light on the other hand has a frequency
  of 1 x 10 14 hertz (red) slower
• (blue) faster

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So light is made up of an accumulation of
electromagnetic energies of waves. Visible light
is a small portion of this energy.

• "You are listening to 91.5 FM WRKX The Rock!,"
  frequency of 91.5 megahertz

"This is AM 680 WPTF" 680 kilohertz
Television stations 174 to 220 megahertz for
channels 7 through 13
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The more frequency the more power
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And all light travels at the speed of light which
is

• 300 000 000 meters per second
• sound is 340 meters a second
• 186 000 miles per second

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Now last time we talked about the electron cloud
and what it looked like
shells
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Because of work by Einstein, Max Plank and Neil's
Bohr we learned that electrons are held in
distinct shells
Quantum shells
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Why do these electrons stay in these quantum
orbits and not drift in-between shells
The Standing wave forces the electrons in to
specific orbits
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Imagine if there were a million sliding beads on
a very long vibrating string.
Would they shift to any particular spots on the
vibrating string?
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But how could we test this theory that says as
you energize an atom the electrons exist in
distinct quantum orbits?
The answer!! Energize an atom and see what it
tells us
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Niels Bohr excited the atoms of Hydrogen with
electricity and this is what he saw
Show spectometer
Line spectrum
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How could Bohr study this greenish glow?
Prisms separate light into their parts
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They expected a kaleidoscope of color Like a
million paints all mixed
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What they got was only 4 colors
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Hydrogen was putting out a glow that was
generated from only Four colors
Why only 4 and how would that relate to the
quantum orbits?
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Imagine throwing a tennis ball under a basement
ramp what sound would it make?
A rumble consisting of all tones
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Imagine throwing a tennis ball under a basement
stairs what sound would it make?
Four distinct tones
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Show the atoms energized
Use the prisms on CD
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Show chart of spectrum

• Each element has a particular spectrum
• A particular fingerprint

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We can use this fingerprint of an atom to find
the atom in the cosmos