BYSTANDER EFFECT

1
BYSTANDER EFFECT

• Diffusion of responsibility
• Kitty Genovese
• Bibb Latane John Darley

2
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

• Carefully control conditions
• Rule out all the influences on the subjects
  behavior except the factor being examined
• SHOW
• Manipulation of X (Independent variable)
• Causes change in Y (Dependent variable)
• X must precede y

3
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

• ADVANTAGE Causal relationships can be shown
• DISADVANTAGES
• Can be impractical
• Can be unethical
• May not reflect natural behavior

4
HYPOTHESIS

• Tentative explanation (Best guess)
• Relationship between variables

5
VARIABLE

• Any quantity or property subject to change
• Independent
• The presumed cause
• The manipulated variable in an experiment
• Dependent
• The variable the researcher is interested in
  understanding, explaining or predicting
• The outcome variable

6
EXTRANEOUS, INTERVENING,
CONFOUNDING, UNCONTROLLED

• Variables which have an unwanted or irrelevant
  effect on the dependent variable under
  investigation
• Variable which may unexpectedly alter the results
  of the study

7
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

• Definition of a variable or condition
• Specific operations or measurements used to
  determine its presence

8
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

• Investigate how the independent variable (X)
  affects the dependent variable (Y)
• GROUPS
• Experimental
• Subject to changes in X
• Control
• Not subject to changes in X

9
SUBJECT CHARACTERISTICS

• Matching
• Match subjects on relevant characteristics
• Equivalent
• Subjects have same average score on important
  characteristics
• Randomization
• Best way to control extraneous variables
• All extraneous variables spread evenly between
  groups

10
EXPERIMENTAL EFFECTS

• Hawthorne effect (Reactivity)
• Attention influences behavior
• Researcher bias
• Experimenter influences subjects behavior
• Placebo fake treatment
• Knowledge of group assignment
• Single-blind
• Double-blind

11
UNOBTRUSIVE MEASURE

• Indirect way to measure behavior
• Assessment procedure does not affect the
  phenomenon under investigation
• Socially appropriate responses

12
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

• Nuremberg military tribunals
• Voluntary
• Right to quit
• Informed consent