FATMA DOGANAY 060205011

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FATMA DOGANAY060205011

• MEDICINE AND MAGIC
• ARZU TÜRKER

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chronic sinusitis
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CONTENT

• What is the meaning of sinusitis?
• What causes sinusitis?
• What are the symptoms of sinusitis?
• Classification of sinusitis
• Chronic sinusitis
• Signs and symptoms of chronic sinusitis
• Treatments of chronic sinusitis

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SINUSITIS

• Sinusitis is an inflammation of the paranasal
  sinuses,which may or may not be as a result of
  infection,from bacterial,fungal,viral,allergic or
  autoimmune issues.

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WHAT CAUSES SINUSITIS?

• Anything that causes swelling in your sinuses or
  keeps the cilia from moving mucus can cause
  sinusitis.This can occur because of changes in
  temperature or air pressure.Allergies can cause
  sinusitis.Using decongestant nasal sprays too
  much,smoking,swimming or diving can also increase
  your risk of getting sinusitis.

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• When sinusitis is caused by a bacterial or viral
  infection,you get a sinus infection.Sinus
  infections sometimes occur after you have had a
  cold.The cold virus attacks the lining of your
  sinuses,causing them to swell and become
  narrow.Your body responds to the virus by
  producing more mucus,but it gets blocked in your
  swollen sinuses.This built-up mucus is a good
  place for bacteria to grow.The bacteria can cause
  a sinus infection.

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WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF SINUSITIS?

• The symptoms of sinusitis include
• Pain or pressure in the forehead,cheeks,nose and
  between the eyes
• Headache
• Fever
• Nasal congestion
• Reduced sense of smell
• An ache in the teeth

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CLASSIFICATION OF SINUSITIS
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• Maxillary sinusitiscan cause pain or pressure in
  the maxillary(cheek)area(e.g.toothache headache).
• Frontal sinusitiscan cause pain or pressure in
  the frontal sinus cavity(located behind above
  eyes),headache.
• Ethmoid sinusitiscan cause pain or pressure pain
  between behind eyes,headache.
• Sphenoid sinusitiscan cause pain or pressure
  behind the eyes,but often refers to the vertex of
  the head.

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• Acute sinusitisAcute sinusitis is usually
  precipitated by an earlier upper respiratory
  tract infection,generally of viral origin.Virally
  damaged surface tissues are then colonized by
  bacteria.

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CHRONIC SINUSITIS

• Chronic sinusitis is a complicated spectrum of
  diseases that share chronic inflammation of the
  sinuses in common.The causes are multifactorial
  and may include allergy,environmental factors
  such as dust or pollution,bacterial infection or
  fungus(either allergic,infective or reactive).

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• The obstructed sinus is a low-oxygen
  environment ideally suited for microaerophilic
  and anaerobic bacteria.This is usually a
  secondary phenomenon however and it has been
  stated that chronic sinusitis is not primarily an
  infectious disease.The reduced oxygen tension
  also helps to promote inflammation and secretions
  into the sinus.These secretions stagnate and
  impede normal mucociliary clearance.

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• In a small number of cases,chronic maxillary
  sinusitis can also be brought on by the spreading
  of bacteria from a dental infection.

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• A more recent,and still debated development in
  chronic sinusitis is the role that fungus may
  play.Fungus can be found in the nasal cavities
  and sinuses of most patients with sinusitis,but
  can also be found in healthy people as well.

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NORMAL
ABNORMAL
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF CHRONIC SINUSITIS INCLUDE

• Postnasal drip
• Nasal or facial congestion
• Altered sense of smell and taste
• Dark circles under eyes
• Headache
• Fever
• General malaise
• Thick green or yellow discharge
• Vertigo
• Blurred vision
• Aching teeth
• Halitosis

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TREATMENTS OF CHRONIC SINUSITIS
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• AntibioticsAntibiotics will not generally be
  helpful if the underlying etiology is primarily
  allergic.Studies have found that antibiotics are
  not more effective than placebos for treating
  most cases of acute sinusitis,which is even more
  strongly considered to be a bacterial infection
  by practitioners of mainstream medicine.Although
  antibiotics may help to relieve symptoms by
  affecting one part of the pathogenesis,these
  drugs do not generally treat the cause and are
  not usually curative for patients with chronic
  sinusitis.

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• Surgical therapiesare not another treating
  chronic sinusitis.This can be valuable if there
  is a malformation underlying the problem,but this
  is rare.Surgery is also an expensive way to begin
  therapy as opposed to choosing it after less
  invasive and more cost effective measures have
  failed.

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• Botonical therapiesoutlined below are
  benefical for treating chronic sinusitis.The
  myriad factors that underlie the problem can be
  addressed effectively with medicinal herbs.

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A number of herbs are used systemically for
treating chronic sinusitis.These are
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ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA (ECHINACEA)
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• Echinacea angustifolia,also known as purple
  coneflower,comes from the group dicots and family
  Asteraceae.The old immune-enhancing standby
  echinacea and its cousins,E.purpurea and
  E.pallida,should not be overlooked.Studies on
  E.purpurea extracts,in particular,have shown that
  it can be used to treat the common cold and
  influenza.Although sinusitis has not been studied
  specifically,echinaceas immunologic effects are
  bound to be helpful for treating many patients
  with sinus conditions.

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ARMORACIA RUSTICANA (HORSERADISH)
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ANEMOPSIS CALIFORNICA(YERBA MANSA)
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SALVIA OFFICINALIS(SAGE)

• Antimicrobial herbs that can be of benefit for
  treating chronic sinusitis is sage.Sage has
  constituents that antistaphylococcal,thus,the
  herbs attacks a pathogen that commonly
  superinfects the sinuses.Sage has the added
  benefit of drying secretions.

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EUPHRASIA SPP.(EYEBRIGHT)
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SOLIDAGO SPP.(GOLDENROD)
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• Goldenrod is another extremely common and
  important plant medicine for treating
  sinusitis.Goldenrod is also used internally to
  treat allergies,and clinical experience supports
  its benefit strongly.The herbs is also a strong
  diuretic,a secondary effect that patients who
  take goldenrod might experience.Essential oils
  are its major constituents and thus medicine made
  from the fresh herb is likely to be most
  effective.

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EPHEDRA SINICA(EPHEDRA)
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• The most well-known are ephedra,also called ma
  huang and its relatives.The alkolaids ephedrine
  and pseudoephedrine derived from ephedra,are now
  major pharmacologic treatments for allergic
  rhinitis and sinusitis.When used in
  isolation,ephedrine has many more potential side
  effects than whole ephedra,as has been confirmed
  in human studies.

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MYRICA CERIFERA(BAYBERRY)
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• Bayberry is a fairly obscure herb that can be
  of considerable benefit for treating chronic
  sinusitis.It helps to stimulate blood flow in
  compromised sinuses,promoting healing and
  decreasing inflammation.

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THYMUS VULGARIS(THYME)