Population and Development

1
Population and Development

• Critical Issues

2
Size of Population

• 1. Congestion- assessing population pressure on
  resources
• 2. Adequate labor resources and human capital
• 3. Strong local market development and potential

3
Distribution of Population

• Population is rarely distributed evenly in any
  region or state Why?
• Population reflects resource base, soil fertility
  and the urban pattern
• Mountainous terrain or severe slope repels
  population
• River valleys often draw high density of
  population as result of alluvial deposits and
  accessibility
• Historical factors also explain the unevenness of
  population distributions

4
Growth and Mobility of Population

• Measured in two ways
• 1. Natural Change- excess of births over deaths
  where dramatic decreases in mortality and
  continued high fertility produce high rates of
  growth Example Niger- 3.5 per annum
• 2. Population Movement- such movement whether
  from outside region/nation or inside affects both
  sending and receiving areas
• a. Movements may be permanent (Migration)
• b. Movements may be temporary (Commuting or
  Circulation)
• c. Forced movements- refugees fleeing
  military-political conflict or natural disasters-
  examples?

5
Structure of Population

• Refers to the Age and Sex Composition of a
  Population and is diagnosed with an Age-Sex
  Pyramid
• Structure of Population has important
  implications for labor force size and
  productivity and raises as well the issue of the
  dependency burden

6
Population Concepts

• Over-population- exists whenever a reduction in
  the population size would enable a smaller
  population to earn a better living Symptoms
  famine and out migration
• Under-population- where people are so few that
  they cannot develop their resources effectively
  to better their conditions of life
• Carrying capacity- population that can be
  supported by available resources

7
Measures of Population

• Population density- how much land in relation to
  population Two types of density
• Man-land or Arithmetic Density number of
  persons/ areaoften unrealistic because it
  assumes an even distribution of people
• Physiological or Nutritional Density- number of
  persons/ cultivated areamore realistic
• Example Japan 15 percent of land is cultivated
• Arithmetic density- 600 per sq mi
• Physiological density- 4,000 per sq mi

8
Measures of Population

• Crude birth rate- Number of live births per 1K
  population
• Fertility ratio- Number of children lt 5 years per
  1K women of child bearing age (15-44)
• Crude death rate- Number of deaths per 1K
  population
• Infant mortality rate- Number of deaths 0-1
  years/ Per 1K live births
• Dependency Ratio- Young (lt 15 years) Aged (gt 65
  years)/ Adult (15- 64 years)