Splash Screen

1
Splash Screen
2
Chapter Menu
Chapter Introduction Section 1 Europe in Crisis
The Wars of Religion Section 2 Social Crises,
War, and Revolution Section 3 Response to
Crisis Absolutism Section 4 The World of
European Culture Visual Summary
3
Chapter Intro
How does architecture reflect history? The palace
at Versailles, shown in this photo, was home to
the kings of France from 1682 until 1790. In
seventeenth-century Europe, Versailles was a
symbol of Louis XIVs absolute rule. In this
chapter, you will learn about crises throughout
Europe and the rulers who sought stability
through absolute rule. What are some famous
government buildings that are tourist
attractions in the United States? What do they
symbolize? Compare the symbolism of the
palace at Versailles with the symbolism of St.
Peters Basilica in Rome, shown on page 473.
4
Chapter Intro
5
Chapter Intro
6
Chapter Intro 1
Europe in Crisis The Wars of Religion What might
have motivated the religious and political
conflicts between Protestants and Catholics?
7
Chapter Intro 2
Social Crisis, War, and Revolution What effect
might social, economic, and religious conflicts
have on European nations?
8
Chapter Intro 3
Response to Crisis Absolutism What effect would
the exercise of absolute power have on a nation?
9
Chapter Intro 4
The World of European Culture How might art,
literature, and philosophy be influenced by the
turbulence of the period?
10
Chapter Preview-End
11
Section 1-Main Idea
The BIG Idea Competition Among Countries
Religious and political conflicts erupted between
Protestants and Catholics in many European
nations.
12
Section 1-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary

• militant
• armada

Academic Vocabulary

• conflict
• policy

13
Section 1-Key Terms
People, Places, and Events

• King Philip II
• Netherlands
• William the Silent
• Elizabeth Tudor
• Scotland

• Ireland
• Huguenots
• Henry of Navarre
• Edict of Nantes

14
Section 1-Polling Question
Do you think religion is a justifiable cause for
war? A. Yes B. No

• A
• B

15
Section 1
Spains Conflicts
King Philip II championed Catholic causes
throughout his lands, while England became the
leader of Protestant nations of Europe.
16
Section 1
Spains Conflicts (cont.)

• In the sixteenth century, religious wars broke
  out in Europe as Calvinists and Catholics became
  more militant.

• King Philip II of Spain wanted to consolidate the
  lands of his empireSpain, the Netherlands, and
  possessions in the Americas and Italyunder
  Catholicism.

Height of Spanish Power Under Philip II, c. 1560
17
Section 1
Spains Conflicts (cont.)

• Philip II attempted to strengthen his control in
  the Netherlands by crushing Calvinism, but was
  resisted by a rebellion led by William the Silent.

• In 1558, Elizabeth Tudor came to power in
  England.
• The Church of England began to follow a moderate
  form of Protestantism and England became the
  leader of the Protestant nations of Europe.

18
Section 1
Spains Conflicts (cont.)

• Philip II tried to invade England to restore
  Catholicism to the island nation.

• In 1588, the Spanish armada was defeated by the
  faster English ships. Upon its return to Spain,
  the fleet was battered by storms en route around
  Scotland and Ireland.

Route of the Spanish Fleet, 1588
19
Section 1
Spains Conflicts (cont.)

• By the end of Philips reign in 1598, Spain was
  not the great power that it appeared to be, and
  England began to create a world empire.

Route of the Spanish Fleet, 1588
20
Section 1
Why did Philip II send the Spanish Armada to
England? A. To capture William the Silent B. To
expand his lands C. To defend the French D. To
restore Catholicism to England

• A
• B
• C
• D

21
Section 1
The French Wars of Religion
Conflict between Catholics and Protestants was at
the heart of the French Wars of Religion.
22
Section 1
The French Wars of Religion (cont.)

• During the 1500s, France encountered a series of
  civil wars, known as the French Wars of Religion
  (15621598).

• Huguenots were French Protestants influenced by
  John Calvin. About half the nobility were
  Huguenots, a political threat to the Crown.
• The ultra-Catholics opposed the Huguenots and
  recruited large armies to fight them.

23
Section 1
The French Wars of Religion (cont.)

• In 1589 a Huguenot political leader named Henry
  of Navarre succeeded to the throne as Henry IV,
  bringing the French Wars of Religion to an end.

• Henry IV converted to Catholicism, but issued the
  Edict of Nantes, recognizing Catholicism as the
  state religion and giving Huguenots religious and
  political rights.

France
24
Section 1
Why did Henry of Navarre convert to Catholicism?
A. To be accepted by the majority of the
population B. To follow the model of other
French kings C. To become allies with the
Spanish D. To appease the ultra-Catholics

• A
• B
• C
• D

25
Section 1-End
26
Section 2-Main Idea
The BIG Idea Order and Security Social,
economic, and religious conflicts challenged the
established political order throughout Europe.
27
Section 2-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary

• inflation
• witchcraft

• divine right of kings
• commonwealth

Academic Vocabulary

• restoration

• convert

28
Section 2-Key Terms
People and Places

• Holy Roman Empire
• Bohemia
• James I
• Puritans
• Charles I

• Cavaliers
• Roundheads
• Oliver Cromwell
• James II

29
Section 2-Polling Question
Is a civil war more destructive to a nation than
a war between two countries? A. Yes B. No

• A
• B

30
Section 2
Crises in Europe
Population decline in Europe and the hysteria of
witchcraft trials contributed to economic and
social problems in seventeenth-century Europe.
31
Section 2
Crises in Europe (cont.)

• During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,
  Europe witnessed severe economic and social
  problems.

• Economic problems were caused by the loss of
  Jewish and Muslim artisans and merchants,
  economic problems in Italy, and currency policies
  in Spain.
• One major economic problem was inflation, or
  rising prices.

32
Section 2
Crises in Europe (cont.)

• Europes population growth during the sixteenth
  century increased the demand for food and land,
  while driving up prices.

• Europes population had leveled off by 1620. War,
  famine, and plague led to declining population
  numbers.
• Religious zeal and hunts for heretics were
  extended to witchcraft.

33
Section 2
Crises in Europe (cont.)

• Fear of witchcraft led to the accusations and
  trials of over 100,000 people, mostly single or
  widowed women.

34
Section 2
What caused witchcraft trials during the
seventeenth century? A. Unexplainable events
that occurred in nature and to people B. The
teachings of the Catholic Church C. The influx
of other cultures D. Attempts to cleanse society
of undesirables

• A
• B
• C
• D

35
Section 2
The Thirty Years War
Started over religious conflicts, the Thirty
Years War was sustained by political conflicts.
36
Section 2
The Thirty Years War (cont.)

• The Thirty Years War was fought primarily in the
  Holy Roman Empire.

• It began between Catholics, led by the Hapsburg
  dynasty, and Protestant forces in Bohemia.
• All of the major powers in Europe (except
  England) were involved in the war.

Europe After the Peace of Westphalia, 1648
37
Section 2
The Thirty Years War (cont.)

• In 1648 the Peace of Westphalia ended the war and
  divided the Holy Roman Empire into independent
  states that could determine their own religion
  and foreign policy.

• This brought an end to the Holy Roman Empire as a
  political entity.

38
Section 2
What was a cause of the Thirty Years War?
A. Protestants wanted a Protestant
king. B. The Peace of Augsburg did not
recognize Calvinism. C. Calvinist nobles
invaded Bohemia. D. Spain and France tried to
unite Europe.

• A
• B
• C
• D

39
Section 2
Revolutions in England
Civil war raged over what roles the king and
Parliament should have in governing England.
40
Section 2
Revolutions in England (cont.)

• James I, the king of Scotland, came to power with
  the death of Queen Elizabeth. The Stuart line of
  rulers began in 1603.

• James I believed in the divine right of kings.
  This contradicted the beliefs of most Englishmen,
  who accepted that the king and Parliament ruled
  England together.

41
Section 2
Revolutions in England (cont.)

• When Charles I came to the throne, many Puritans
  were upset that he attempted to put more rituals
  into the Church of England. This led thousands of
  Puritans to leave for America.

• In 1642 England was faced with a civil war
  between the kings soldiers, known as Cavaliers,
  and the Roundheads under Oliver Cromwell.

42
Section 2
Revolutions in England (cont.)

• Cromwells forces were victorious, and Charles II
  was executed.

• In 1649 England was declared a commonwealth.
• After Cromwells death in 1658, England restored
  the Stuart line of rulers with Charles II.
• Charles II ruled until his death in 1685, when
  James II ascended the throne.

43
Section 2
Revolutions in England (cont.)

• James II was a devout Catholic. Parliament
  objected to his policies of appointing Catholics
  because its members were afraid a Catholic
  dynasty might be possible.

• In 1688 English nobles invited William and Mary
  of Orange, who were Protestants, to invade
  England.
• William and Mary were offered the throne and
  accepted the English Bill of Rights.

44
Section 2
Revolutions in England (cont.)

• Bill of Rights

• Parliament could make laws and levy taxes.
• Armies could not be raised without the consent of
  Parliament.
• Citizens could keep arms and have a jury trial.

45
Section 2
Revolutions in England (cont.)

• The Bill of Rights ensured that Parliament would
  be part of the English government and laid the
  foundation for a constitutional monarchy.

• Parliament also enacted the Tolerance Act of
  1689, which granted Puritans, but not Catholics,
  the right of free public worship.

46
Section 2
How did Parliament secure the Bill of Rights for
England? A. It defeated the Cavaliers. B. It
offered the crown to William and Mary of
Orange. C. The English people voted for
it. D. James II was restored to the throne.

• A
• B
• C
• D

47
Section 2-End
48
Section 3-Main Idea
The BIG Idea Competition Among Countries France
became the greatest power of the seventeenth
century. Prussia, Austria, and Russia also
emerged as great European powers.
49
Section 3-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary

• absolutism
• boyars
• czar

Academic Vocabulary

• stability
• authority

50
Section 3-Key Terms
People and Places

• Louis XIV
• Cardinal Richelieu
• Prussia
• Austria
• Frederick William the Great Elector

• Ivan IV
• Michael Romanov
• Peter the Great
• St. Petersburg

51
Section 3-Polling Question
Do you think that in times of crisis, an absolute
ruler is necessary to restore order? A. Yes B. No

• A
• B

52
Section 3
France under Louis XIV
Louis XIV was an absolute monarch whose rule was
admired and imitated throughout Europe.
53
Section 3
France under Louis XIV (cont.)

• Louis XIV is regarded as the best example of
  absolutism in the seventeenth century.

• Louis XIV strengthened control of the government
  and stabilized France politically, economically,
  and socially.
• Prior to Louis XIV becoming king, Cardinals
  Richelieu and Mazarin weakened Protestant power
  and strengthened royal power.

54
Section 3
France under Louis XIV (cont.)

• Louis ruled without the assistance of a royal
  council, and had complete control of foreign
  policy, the Church, and taxes.

• Jean-Baptiste Colbert helped to make France more
  powerful economically by improving trade,
  communications, transportation, and by creating a
  merchant marine.

55
Section 3
France under Louis XIV (cont.)

• To ensure that his Bourbon dynasty dominated
  Europe, Louis developed a standing army and waged
  four wars between 1667 and 1713.

• Louis left the legacy of an absolute ruler who
  strengthened France.
• Louiss political policies and lavish lifestyle
  left France with great debts and surrounded by
  enemies.

56
Section 3
How did Louis XIV maintain religious harmony in
France? A. He pursued an anti-Protestant
policy to convert Huguenots to
Catholicism. B. He made Protestantism the
official state religion. C. He was tolerant of
Catholics and Protestants. D. He destroyed
Catholic churches and schools.

• A
• B
• C
• D

57
Section 3
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe
Prussia and Austria emerged as great European
powers in the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries.
58
Section 3
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe (cont.)

• Following the Thirty Years War, there were more
  than three hundred independent German states.

• Prussia and Austria rose to become European
  powers.
• Frederick William the Great Elector laid the
  foundation for Prussia by creating the
  fourth-largest military force in Europe.

Expansion of Prussia and Austria to 1720
59
Section 3
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe (cont.)

• Frederick William centralized power by setting up
  the General War Commissariat to levy taxes for
  the army and govern the state.

• The new Austrian Empire was established by the
  Hapsburg family, who had previously provided
  emperors for the Holy Roman Empire.

60
Section 3
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe (cont.)

• The Hapsburgs created a new empire, including
  present-day Austria, the Czech Republic, and
  Hungary.

• The Austrian monarchy never became a centralized,
  absolutist state, but remained a collection of
  territories held together by the Hapsburg emperor.

61
Section 3
Why was the Austrian monarchy unable to create a
centralized government? A. It was too weak after
the Thirty Years War. B. It had to focus on
the Ottoman Turks. C. The nobles had too much
power. D. The empire was made up of many
different national groups.

• A
• B
• C
• D

62
Section 3
Peter The Great
Russia emerged as a great power under Peter the
Great.
63
Section 3
Peter The Great (cont.)

• In sixteenth-century Russia, Ivan IV became the
  first ruler to take the title of czar.

• Ivan expanded Russian territory and crushed the
  power of the boyars. He became known as Ivan the
  Terrible.
• Following the end of Ivans dynasty in 1598, the
  national assembly selected Michael Romanov as the
  new czar in 1613.

Expansion of Russia, 15051725
64
Section 3
Peter The Great (cont.)

• In 1689 Peter the Great became czar. He
  modernized the military and made Russia a power
  in European affairs.

• Peter introduced Russians to the culture of
  Western Europe, and built the new capital city of
  St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea to open a
  window to the West.

65
Section 3
Why did Peter the Great demand that Russian men
shave their beards? A. He wanted to follow his
Orthodox faith. B. He wanted people to know
he controlled their lives. C. He did not have a
beard, and wanted his subjects to imitate
him. D. Men in Western Europe did not have
beards.

• A
• B
• C
• D

66
Section 3-End
67
Section 4-Main Idea
The BIG Idea Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Art and
literature reflected peoples spiritual
perceptions and the human condition.
68
Section 4-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary

• Mannerism
• natural rights
• baroque

Academic Vocabulary

• drama
• creative

69
Section 4-Key Terms
People and Places

• El Greco
• Madrid
• Prague
• Vienna
• Brussels
• Gian Lorenzo Bernini

• William Shakespeare
• Miguel de Cervantes
• Lope de Vega
• Thomas Hobbes
• John Locke

70
Section 4-Polling Question
The music you listen to is a reflection of the
mood of our society. A. Agree B. Disagree

• A
• B

71
Section 4
Art after the Renaissance
The artistic movements of Mannerism and the
baroque began in Italy and reflected the
spiritual perceptions of the time.
72
Section 4
Art after the Renaissance (cont.)

• Mannerism was an art form that emerged in Italy
  before spreading throughout Europe.

• Mannerism broke away from the Renaissance
  principles of balance, harmony, and moderation
  and represented people as elongated, to show
  suffering and heightened emotion.
• The characteristics of Mannerism are reflected in
  the work of El Greco, whose figures are elongated
  and contorted.

73
Section 4
Art after the Renaissance (cont.)

• A new movement known as baroque replaced
  Mannerism. It was embraced by Catholic
  architecture, especially in the Hapsburg courts
  of Madrid, Prague, Vienna, and Brussels.

• Baroque churches and palaces were magnificent and
  reflected a search for power.

74
Section 4
Art after the Renaissance (cont.)

• The baroque artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini captured
  these ideas with his work on Saint Peters
  Basilica in Rome.

75
Section 4
What subject was emphasized in Caravaggios
paintings? A. Angels B. Old Testament
heroines C. Everyday settings D. Human form in
action

• A
• B
• C
• D

76
Section 4
Golden Age of Literature
Shakespeare and Lope de Vega were prolific
writers of dramas and comedies that reflected the
human condition.
77
Section 4
Golden Age of Literature (cont.)

• William Shakespeare was a famous playwright and
  actor whose understanding of human psychology
  enabled him to write comedies and tragedies that
  are still studied today.

• In Spain, Miguel de Cervantes wrote one of the
  greatest literary works of all time, Don Quixote.

78
Section 4
Golden Age of Literature (cont.)

• The story of Don Quixote elicits the idea that
  hard work and visionary dreams are requisite of
  the human condition.

• As in England, Spanish plays became very popular,
  and touring companies of actors brought current
  productions to all parts of the empire.
• Lope de Vega is the most famous Spanish
  playwright, writing nearly 1,500 plays that are
  considered witty, charming, realistic, and
  action-packed.

79
Section 4
Who ran the professional theatres of England and
Spain? A. Actors companies B. The king and
queen C. The Church D. University guilds

• A
• B
• C
• D

80
Section 4
Political Thought
Hobbes and Locke wrote very different books about
political thought in response to the English
revolutions.
81
Section 4
Political Thought (cont.)

• Seventeenth-century political thinkers Thomas
  Hobbes and John Locke wrote about political power
  and influenced future philosophies of government.

• Thomas Hobbes wrote Leviathan to deal with the
  problem of disorder.
• Hobbes asserted that people made a social
  contract to form a state in exchange for
  protection and peace. Absolute power was needed
  to preserve order in society, and rebellions must
  be suppressed.

82
Section 4
Political Thought (cont.)

• John Locke believed that man in his natural state
  enjoyed freedom and had certain natural rights.

• In Lockes Two Treatises of Government, Locke
  argued against the absolute rule of one person.
• He stated that the government and the people have
  mutual obligations to protect each other, and if
  the government usurps its power, then man has the
  right to abolish the government.

83
Section 4
Political Thought (cont.)

• Lockes ideas were used by American and French
  revolutionaries in the eighteenth century, and
  his influence can be found in the American
  Declaration of Independence and the U.S.
  Constitution.

84
Section 4
According to Hobbes, why was absolute power
necessary? A. Monarchs were better
educated. B. People needed to look up to one
ruler. C. It preserved order in society. D. It
prevented inefficient government.

• A
• B
• C
• D

85
Section 4-End
86
VS 1
RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS in Europe

• Religious conflicts between Protestants and
  Catholics were widespread.
• French kings persecuted Protestants.
• Philip II of Spain was a great supporter of
  militant Catholicism.
• The Thirty Years War was triggered by religious
  and political conflicts.

87
VS 2
POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL CRISES in Europe

• Civil war arose in England from power struggles
  between King Charles I and Parliament.
• English Protestant forces triumphed in the civil
  war and tried and executed King Charles I.
• Population growth, famine, and plague contributed
  to social tensions throughout Europe.
• The conflicts in seventeenth-century Europe were
  reflected in art, literature, and political works.

88
VS 3
ABSOLUTISM as a Response to Crises

• Frederick William of Prussia used the General
  War Commissariat to maintain his power.
• The Austrian monarchy tried but failed to
  achieve a centralized, absolutist state.
• The absolute rule of Louis XIV of France
  influenced monarchs throughout Europe.
• Russia emerged as a great power under the
  absolute rule of Peter the Great.

89
VS-End
90
Figure 1
91
Figure 2
92
Figure 3
93
Figure 4
94
Figure 5
95
Figure 6
96
Chapter Trans Menu
Chapter Transparencies Menu
Chapter Transparency Unit Time Line
Transparency Cause-and-Effect Transparency
Select a transparency to view.
97
Chapter Trans
98
Unit Timeline Trans
99
CnETrans
100
DFS Trans 1
101
DFS Trans 2
102
DFS Trans 3
103
DFS Trans 4
104
Vocab1
militant combative
105
Vocab2
armada a fleet of warships
106
Vocab3
conflict opposition a fight, battle, or war
107
Vocab4
policy an overall plan embracing the general
goals and acceptable procedures of a governmental
body
108
Vocab5
inflation a rapid increase in prices
109
Vocab6
witchcraft magic
110
Vocab7
divine right of kings the belief that kings
receive their power from God and are responsible
only to God
111
Vocab8
commonwealth a republic
112
Vocab9
restoration a bringing back to a former position
or condition
113
Vocab10
convert to change over from one belief to another
114
Vocab11
absolutism a political system in which a ruler
holds total power
115
Vocab12
boyar a Russian noble
116
Vocab13
czar Russian for caesar, the title used by
Russian emperors
117
Vocab14
stability the state of being stable strong
enough to endure
118
Vocab15
authority power person in command
119
Vocab16
Mannerism an artistic movement that emerged in
Italy in the 1520s and 1530s it marked the end
of the Renaissance by breaking down the
principles of balance, harmony, and moderation
120
Vocab17
natural rights rights with which all humans are
born, including the rights to life, liberty, and
property
121
Vocab18
baroque an artistic style of the seventeenth
century characterized by complex forms, bold
ornamentation, and contrasting elements
122
Vocab19
drama a composition that tells a story usually
involving conflicts and emotions through action
and dialogue and typically designed for the
theater
123
Vocab20
creative imaginative
124
Help
To use this Presentation Plus! product
Click the Forward button to go to the next
slide. Click the Previous button to return to the
previous slide. Click the Home button to return
to the Chapter Menu. Click the Transparency
button from the Chapter Menu, Chapter
Introduction slides, or Visual Summary slides to
access the transparencies that are relevant to
this chapter. From within a section, click on
this button to access the relevant Daily Focus
Skills Transparency. Click the Return button in a
feature to return to the main presentation. Click
the History Online button to access online
textbook features. Click the Reference Atlas
button to access the Interactive Reference Atlas.
Click the Exit button or press the Escape key
Esc to end the slide show. Click the Help
button to access this screen. Links to
Presentation Plus! features such as Maps in
Motion, Graphs in Motion, Charts in Motion,
Concepts in Motion, and figures from your
textbook are located at the bottom of relevant
screens.
125
End of Custom Shows
This slide is intentionally blank.