Physical Activity, Health, and Chronic Disease

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Physical Activity, Health, and Chronic Disease

• KNR 308

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Are adults in the U.S. getting enough physical
activity?

• 60 of American Adults are not regularly active
• 25 are not active AT ALL!
• Who arent active?
• Older adults
• Older women
• African-American women
• Low income adults

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Why are those who ARE active, doing so?

• 1 reason for younger men and women looking
  good
• 1 reason for older menmore energy
• 1 reason for older women losing weight
• 2 reason for younger menmore energy/strength
• 2 reason for younger women losing weight
• 2 reason for older men and women feeling
  better/better health

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What are the benefits of being Active?

• Reduced risk of the development of chronic
  disease
• Improved psychological health/well-being
• Better self-esteem, less depression and anxiety
• Improved control of body weight/appearance
• Enhanced or maintenance of ability to perform
  activities of daily living

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Role of physical activity and exercise in disease
prevention and rehabilitation.
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Sohow much Physical Activity or Exercise do we
need?

• It depends on individual goals.
• For health benefits, Every adult should
  accumulate 30 min or more of moderate-intensity
  physical activity on most, preferably all, days
  of the week.
• Equal to 150 minutes per week
• Equal to expending 1000 calories per week

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Improvements are based on proper utilization of
the FIT principles.

• The FIT principles refer to
• Frequency
• Intensity
• Time or duration
• Also important is Specificity, or Type of
  Activity/exercise

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Dose-response relationship for health benefits
and volume of physical activity.
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Health Benefits are variable, and based on FIT

• In other words, the volume of physical activity
  participation needed for the same degree of
  relative improvement varies among health
  benefit indicators.
• Examples
• ltTriglycerides 0-40250kcal/wk
• gtHDL cholesterol 0-40 1800 kcal/wk
• gt30 minutes per day needed to significantly lose
  weight or prevent weight gain

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Where to start and how to build?
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What are the Chronic Diseases we are trying to
Prevent?

• CVD or Cardiovascular Disease
• Leading cause of death for all Adults
• Coronary artery disease (CAD)
• Stroke
• PVD (peripheral vascular disease)
• Congestive Heart disease
• Other types of heart disease
• Cardiomyopathy, Congentital HD, Myocarditis, etc.

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Hypertension

• A significant risk factor for CHD
• 62 of strokes and 49 of heart attacks are
  caused by hypertension
• Diagnostic criteria is 140/90 measured on two or
  more occasions.
• 120-139 systolic or 80-89 diastolic
  prehypertension
• 30 minutes or more of Moderate (40-60VO2),
  continuous or accumulated physical activity, on
  most (preferably all) days of the week is
  recommended by ACSM to lower BP.

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Hypercholesterolemia and Dyslipidemia

• Hypercholesterolemia an elevation of total
  cholesterol (gt240mg/dl)
• Dyslipidemia an abnormal blood lipid profile
• LDL levels gt 130 mg/dl
• HDL levels lt 40 mg/dl
• Triglycerides gt150 mg/dl
• Regular endurance exercise usually lowers
  triglycerides but rarely reduces TC and LDL
  levels in individuals with initially high levels
  unless dietary fat intake is reduced and body
  weight is lost.

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Diabetes

• The number of cases of diabetes has increased by
  54.
• Type II diabetes more common (90-95)
• Risk factors obesity, inactivity, family
  history, cholesterol intake
• Reduction in risk seems associated with frequency
  of exercise

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Obesity and Overweight

• BMI of 25-29.9 overweight
• BMI of 30 is classified as obese
• Since 1960, the prevalence of obesity is the U.S.
  has increased in all groups (age, gender,
  ethnicity)
• Obese individuals have
• Shorter life expectancy, gtCHD, gtCHO, gtBP,
  diabetes, osteoarthritis, certain cancers
• Key factors in exercise prescription
• Increase in duration beyond 30 minutes

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Metabolic syndrome

• A combination of CVD risk factors
• Hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance,
  and abdominal obesity
• Approximately 24 of adults have metabolic
  syndrome, which increases risk of CHD
• Risk factors
• Waist circumference of gt40 in. in men, gt35 in. in
  women
• Blood pressure 130 systolic, 85 diastolic
• Fasting glucose 100 Triglycerides150
• HDL of lt40 for men, lt50 for women

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Musculoskeletal disorders

• Osteoporosis
• Osteopenia
• Osteoarthritis Hip and knee replacement
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Back pain
• How can physical activity/exercise prevent and/or
  treat these disorders?