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Myers PSYCHOLOGY 5th Ed

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Title: Myers PSYCHOLOGY 5th Ed


1
Myers PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed)
  • Chapter 5
  • Sensation
  • James A. McCubbin, PhD
  • Clemson University
  • Worth Publishers

2
Sensation
  • Sensation
  • a process by which our sensory receptors and
    nervous system receive and represent stimulus
    energy
  • Perception
  • a process of organizing and interpreting sensory
    information, enabling us to recognize meaningful
    objects and events

3
Sensation
  • Bottom-Up Processing
  • analysis that begins with the sense receptors and
    works up to the brains integration of sensory
    information
  • Top-Down Processing
  • information processing guided by higher-level
    mental processes
  • as when we construct perceptions drawing on our
    experience and expectations

4
Sensation- Basic Principles
  • Psychophysics
  • study of the relationship between physical
    characteristics of stimuli and our psychological
    experience of them
  • Light- brightness
  • Sound- volume
  • Pressure- weight
  • Taste- sweetness

5
Sensation- Thresholds
  • Absolute Threshold
  • minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular
    stimulus
  • usually defined as the stimulus needed for
    detection 50 of the time
  • Difference Threshold
  • minimum difference between two stimuli that a
    subject can detect 50 of the time
  • just noticeable difference (JND)
  • increases with magnitude

6
Sensation- Thresholds
  • Signal Detection Theory
  • predicts how and when we detect the presence of a
    faint stimulus (signal)
  • assumes that there is no single absolute
    threshold
  • detection depends partly on persons
  • experience
  • expectations
  • motivation
  • level of fatigue

7
Sensation- Thresholds
  • When stimuli are detectable less than 50 of the
    time (below ones absolute threshold) they are
    subliminal.

8
Sensation- Thresholds
  • Webers Law- to perceive a difference between
    two stimuli, they must differ by a constant
    proportion
  • light intensity- 8
  • weight- 2
  • tone frequency- 0.3
  • Sensory adaptation- diminished sensitivity with
    constant stimulation

9
Vision
  • Transduction- conversion of one form of energy
    to another
  • Wavelength- the distance from the peak of one
    wave to the peak of the next
  • Hue- dimension of color determined by wavelength
    of light
  • Intensity- amount of energy in a wave determined
    by amplitude
  • brightness
  • loudness

10
Vision
  • Pupil- adjustable opening in the center of the
    eye
  • Iris- a ring of muscle the forms the colored
    portion of the eye around the pupil and controls
    the size of the pupil opening
  • Lens- transparent structure behind pupil that
    changes shape to focus images on the retina

11
Vision
12
Vision
  • Accommodation
  • change in shape of lens
  • focus near objects
  • Retina
  • inner surface of eye
  • light sensitive
  • contains rods and cones
  • layers of neurons
  • beginning of visual information processing

13
Vision
  • Normal Nearsighted Farsighted
    Vision Vision Vision

14
Vision
  • Acuity- the sharpness of vision
  • Nearsightedness
  • nearby objects seen more clearly
  • lens focuses image of distant objects in front of
    retina
  • Farsightedness
  • faraway objects seen more clearly
  • lens focuses near objects behind retina

15
Retinas Reaction to Light- Receptors
  • Cones
  • near center of retina (fovea)
  • fine detail and color vision
  • daylight or well-lit conditions
  • Rods
  • peripheral retina
  • detect black, white and gray
  • twilight or low light

16
Retinas Reaction to Light
  • Optic nerve- nerve that carries neural impulses
    from the eye to the brain
  • Blind Spot- point at which the optic nerve leaves
    the eye, creating a blind spot because there
    are no receptor cells located there
  • Fovea- central point in the retina, around which
    the eyes cones cluster

17
Vision- Receptors
18
Visual Information Processing
  • Feature Detectors
  • neurons in the visual cortex respond to
    specific features
  • shape
  • angle
  • movement

19
Visual Information Processing
  • Parallel Processing
  • simultaneous processing of several dimensions
    through multiple pathways
  • color
  • motion
  • form
  • depth

20
Visual Information Processing
  • Trichromatic (three color) Theory
  • Young and Helmholtz
  • three different retinal color receptors
  • red
  • green
  • blue

21
Color-Deficient Vision
  • People who suffer red-green blindness have
    trouble perceiving the number within the design

22
Visual Information Processing
  • Opponent-Process Theory- opposing retinal
    processes enable color vision
  • ON OFF
  • red green
  • green red
  • blue yellow
  • yellow blue
  • black white
  • white black

23
Opponent Process- Afterimage Effect
24
Audition
  • Audition
  • the sense of hearing
  • Frequency
  • the number of complete wavelengths that pass a
    point in a given time
  • Pitch
  • a tones highness or lowness
  • depends on frequency

25
Audition- The Ear
26
Audition- The Ear
  • Outer Ear
  • Auditory Canal
  • Eardrum
  • Middle Ear
  • hammer
  • anvil
  • stirrup
  • Inner Ear
  • oval window
  • cochlea
  • basilar membrane
  • hair cells

27
Audition
  • Place Theory
  • the theory that links the pitch we hear with the
    place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated
  • Frequency Theory
  • the theory that the rate of nerve impulses
    traveling up the auditory nerve matches the
    frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense
    its pitch

28
Audition
  • Conduction Deafness
  • hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical
    system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
  • Nerve Deafness
  • hearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas
    receptor cells or to the auditory nerve

29
Audition
  • Older people tend to hear low frequencies well
    but suffer hearing loss for high frequencies

Amplitude required for perception relative to
20-29 year-old group
1 time
10 times
100 times
1000 times
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
4096
8192
16384
Frequency of tone in waves per second
Low
Pitch
High
30
Touch
  • Skin Sensations
  • pressure
  • only skin sensation with identifiable receptors
  • warmth
  • cold
  • pain

31
Pain
  • Gate-Control Theory
  • theory that the spinal cord contains a
    neurological gate that blocks pain signals or
    allows them to pass on to the brain
  • gate opened by the activity of pain signals
    traveling up small nerve fibers
  • gate closed by activity in larger fibers or by
    information coming from the brain

32
Taste
  • Taste Sensations
  • sweet
  • sour
  • salty
  • bitter
  • Sensory Interaction
  • the principle that one sense may influence
    another
  • as when the smell of food influences its taste

33
Smell
34
Body Position and Movement
  • Kinesthesis
  • the system for sensing the position and movement
    of individual body parts
  • Vestibular Sense
  • the sense of body movement and position
  • including the sense of balance
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