Colonization, Nationalism, and Independence in Africa

1
Colonization, Nationalism, and Independence in
Africa

• Focusing on Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa

2
Colonization

• Europeans ran to Africa and took all of the land
  that they wanted.
• African colonies remained under European control
  until the 1950s, following the end of WWII.

3
Nationalism

• Prior to, during, and after WWII, many African
  colonies began to experience a growth in
  Nationalism.
• Nationalism Pride in ones country (In Africa
  this was more like pride in ones tribe).
• Pan-Africanism and Pan-Arabism were two
  nationalistic movements that were not successful.
• There were many movements, however, that were
  successful!

4
Independence
5
Nigerian Nationalist Movement

• Nigeria was colonized by Britain in the early
  1900s.
• Great Britain used indirect rule to control
  Nigeria. They gave power to a few local leaders
  and enforced their rules through those leaders.
• Great Britain had little involvement in Nigerias
  affairs, leading many to dislike them.

6
Nigerian Nationalist Movement.

• A group of nationalists rose up during the
  1920s, opposing certain taxes and asking for
  changes in the leadership of the country. Little
  change was made.
• Another group of nationalists rose up after WWII
  after they had fought for Britain and heard of
  other British colonies gaining freedom (such as
  India).

7
Nigerian Nationalist Movement

• Nigerian Nationalists pushed for changes, gaining
  independence in 1960.
• From 1960 until today, Nigeria has seen constant
  war over leadership within the country.
• The country is currently at peace.

8
Kenyan Nationalist Movement

• The colony of Kenya was established by Great
  Britain in the early 1900s.
• Kenyan people sought independence after WWII,
  like other African Nations.
• The Kenya African Union, a group of people who
  wanted to freedom, gained power after seeing
  other British nations become independent. Jomo
  Kenyatta became its president in 1947.

9
Kenyan Nationalist Movement

• The Mau Mau, a militant (more violent)
  nationalist group rose up in 1952. They sought
  independence through violent acts. It was
  believed that Jomo Kenyatta was a leader of this
  group, and he was imprisoned in 1953.
• By 1957, Great Britain was more willing to give
  the African Kenyans the majority of the power in
  the country.
• In 1961, elections were held.
• Kenyatta was freed in 1961 and many nationalists
  viewed him as their leader.

10
Kenyan Nationalist Movement

• Kenya became independent in 1963, and Kenyatta
  was their leader.
• Kenya experienced some political unrest between
  different groups, but is peaceful today.

11
South African Nationalist Movement

• South Africa was a colony that was founded by the
  Dutch, but owned primarily by Great Britain.
• Slavery was rampant in South Africa until the
  1820s when Slavery became less acceptable in
  Britain. Coloured people were still treated
  very poorly.
• The Boers, the original white Dutch colonists,
  lived in SA at this time and had little power.

12
South African Nationalist Movement

• Indians also lived here and were treated poorly
  (Britain owned India at this time and used many
  Indians as servants).
• Whites ruled over South Africa, which was very
  segregated (called Apartheid, it was separated
  into whites, Asians, coloureds, and blacks).
• The African National Congress, a black
  organization in South Africa, was established in
  1912 and began to fight for rights.

13
South African Nationalist Movement

• Whites in SA gained more power in the early
  1900s.
• People of color (blacks, coloureds, and Asians)
  began fighting for the end of segregation after
  WWII (1948).
• In 1961, the Republic of South Africa was formed
  by the whites living there (main control was held
  by whites of British descent).
• Apartheid was still in full effect.
• Several nationalist groups rose up to fight
  Apartheid, including the white Afrikaners
  (ancestors of Dutch, French, and German
  settlers), who were treated poorly by the British
  descendants as well.

14
South African Nationalist Movement

• Nationalists struggled for years for rights,
  many, such as Nelson Mandela, landing in jail.
• Apartheid ended in 1994. Nelson Mandela, the
  freedom fighter who had been thrown in jail, and
  F.W. de Klerk, the white president of SA at the
  time, were credited with ending apartheid.
• Nelson Mandela was elected to be the first black
  president of South Africa.
• South Africa is at peace today.

15
South African Nationalist Movement

• Nelson Mandela
• F.W. de Klerk

16
4-3-2-1

• In complete sentences on a separate sheet of
  paper, write the following
• 4 ways in which European colonization changed the
  face of Africa.
• 3 reasons why European borders caused problems in
  Africa.
• 2 people who were important in independence
  movements in Africa.
• 1 problem that still occurs in Africa due to
  colonization.