Organic Compounds

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Organic Compounds

• Module 17

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What are organic compounds?

• Organic compounds all contain carbon.
• Carbon forms many bonds because carbon has four
  valence electrons therefore four bonding
  sites.
• Organic compounds are the compounds associated
  with living things.

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What are hydrocarbons?

• Hydrocarbons are composed primarily of two
  elements hydrogen and carbon.
• Hydrocarbons typically are formed as long carbon
  chains with hydrogen atoms attached.
• These chains can be linear, branched or even
  formed in rings.

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Some common hydrocarbons
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Hydrocarbons with single bonds

• Hydrocarbons with single bonds all have a suffix
  of ane.
• The prefix meth- means one
• The prefix eth- means two
• The prefix pro- means three
• The prefix but- means four.
• Thus the prefix determines the number of carbons
  and the suffix indicates that all bonds are
  single bonds.

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What is octane?

• Octane is the major ingredient in gasoline.
• Octane contains eight carbons with all single
  bonds

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Single bonded hydrocarbons

• These hydrocarbons may form long chains or
  branched chains. Isomers have the same formula
  but different structure.

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Hydrocarbons with multiple bonds

• Hydrocarbons with double bonds have a suffix of
  ene.
• Hydrocarbons with triple bonds have a suffix of
  yne.
• Multiple bonded hydrocarbons (double and triple
  bonds) are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.
• Single bonded hydrocarbons are called saturated
  hydrocarbons.

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The eth- prefix indicates two carbons. The ene
suffix indicates a double bond. The yne suffix
indicates a triple bond.
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Other organic compounds

• Aromatic hydrocarbons these have a benzene
  ring. A benzene ring contains six carbons in a
  ring with alternating double and single bonds.

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You can see the benzene ring
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Other hydrocarbons

• Substituted hydrocarbons have a special group
  attached in place of a hydrogen (substituted)
• Alcohols have an OH group attached
• Organic acids have a COOH group attached.
• Individual elements may replace one or more
  hydrogens (chlorine is common)

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Sometimes an element is attached.
An alcohol has an OH attached.
An organic acid has a COOH attached.
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What is petroleum?

• Petroleum comes from crude oil by a process of
  fractional distillation.
• Petroleum is responsible for many important
  energy-related and other products.

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What are polymers?

• Polymers are long chains of individual units
  called monomers.
• Examples
• Polyethylene long chains of ethene monomer
  units. This is a common type of plastic
  shopping bags, soda bottles.
• Polypropylene long chains of propene monomer
  units. Used in glues and carpet.

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What are biological polymers?

• Proteins are long polymer chains found in the
  human body. The small units that make up proteins
  are amino acids. The order of the amino acids is
  important in identifying the protein.
• Nucleic acids make up our genetic material (DNA)
• Carbohydrates are sugars and starches in the
  human body.

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• This concludes Module 17