Chapter 23- Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

1
Chapter 23- Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

• By James Kazlausky

2
Section 1-Building a German Nation

• After the invasions made by Napolean, territorial
  changes developed in German speaking lands. Many
  people welcomed the French ruler, others were
  sparked with German nationalism and demanded a
  unified German state. Metternich for example,
  felt Germany should have dismantled the German
  states in order to unify them. Instead the German
  Confederation was created, a weak body headed by
  Austria. The position as king was offered to the
  Prussian King Frederick IV of Prussia he
  declined.

3

• Otto Von Bismarck, the Prussian prime minister,
  helped in the unification of Germany. He believed
  in the way of the ends justified the means.
  Unfortunately, Bismarck was not a German
  nationalist. He was a Prussian nationalist. He
  had the purpose to strengthen the Prussian army
  and pursue an aggressive foreign policy.

4

• Bismarck ventured Prussia into 3 main wars
• Schleswig and Holstein- Austria and Prussia took
  over these provinces and divided them.
• War with Austria- Prussia won and took all lands
  won in the Schleswig and Holstein war. They also
  got rid of the German Confederation led by
  Austria and added the new North German
  Confederation led by Prussia.
• Franco-Prussian War- Napoleon declared war on
  Prussia after seeing it take over Austria and
  after the Spanish offered Bismarck a spot on the
  throne. With the help from the Germans, Prussia
  crushed the French giving Prussia yet another
  victory.
• Bismarck also set up a two house legislature,
  but the way it was set up, it was far from
  democratic. Real power was in the hands of the
  emperor and his chancellor.

5
Section 2- Strengthening Germany

• William I and his chancellor, Bismarck, are now
  running Germany and have made it very powerful.
  German shipping was second only to England among
  European powers.
• Germanys industry was very popular and was very
  well developed, due to a strong work force and a
  larger population of 50,000 employees.

6

• Germany was also very supportive of their
  scientific developments. They developed new
  chemicals and dyes.
• Economic development was very supported. A single
  currency was made, banking system was new, and
  the railroads were coordinated.
• They wished for economic and military power.

7

• Bismarck tried to eliminate all threats to his
  country. He isolated the French so his ties could
  grow with Austria and Russia. He also caused
  tension with Britains navy.
• He also tried to eliminate the Catholic church
  and socialists from his government.
• He tried to make Catholics focus on loyalty
  towards the throne and not towards the pope. He
  launched the Kulterkampf to try and supervise
  Catholic activities.
• This idea backfired and the church rebelled. He
  realized his mistake and quickly made peace with
  the church.

8

• Bismarck also felt that socialists would
  undermine the loyalty of German workers and turn
  them to a revolution.
• He tried to shut socialism down, but his idea
  backfired, they united against him.
• Instead he steered people away from socialism by
  giving them benefits by following his ways.
• It partly worked, but socialism was still a
  belief of many.
• William II soon followed, who asks Bismarck to
  resign due to his belief in divine right to rule.
  He introduced many reforms and strengthened the
  navy to fight rivals, Britain and France at sea.

9
Section 3- Unifying Italy

• Around the 1830s, Italy was a very separated
  country and was lacking unity.
• Giuseppe Mazzini was the first to step forward
  and wanted to form a united Italy.
• After the Congress of Vienna, Austria had held
  land in Northern Italy. Now revolts were brought
  up against them and they in turn sent troops to
  crush these rebels.

10

• Mazzini founded young Italy, which was a secret
  society to help unite Italy.
• Although his rebellion failed, it gave life to
  other nationalists and united the country.

11

• Nationalism soon arose in Sardinia, led by Victor
  Emmanuel II. He then appointed Count Camillo
  Cavour as his prime minister. Cavour wished to
  expell Austria from Italy and add land to
  Sardinia.
• Cavour later helped Britain and France against
  Russia. It gave them support from other countries
  and a say at the peace conference. With this
  power Sardinia and France got rid of the
  Austrians in Italy and Sardinia got the land they
  wanted.

12

• Soon, Garibaldi and his red-shirts were taking
  control of Sicily and unifying it as one. He also
  later took control of the major parts of Italy.
  He turned these lands over the Victor Emmanuel II
  and crowned him king of Italy.
• Soon after Rome was retaken and named capital
  since the fall of the Roman empire.

13

• Although Italy was now united as one country it
  still was not truly united.
• There was a split between the north and the south
  due to their economies. Their was also a split
  between the religious organization of the people,
  concerning the pope and the government.
• Still some people went against this united
  government but the turmoil was handled. Italys
  industry rose as well as its economy. Italy
  lacked resources but they made up for it in other
  industries.

14
Section 4- Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

• The Hapsburg Empire consisted of Austria,
  Romania, Poland, Ukraine and Italy and was led by
  Metternich and Francis I. They tried to keep the
  kingdom conservative and steer them away from
  nationalism. They tried to limit industry and
  keep the country traditional. Despite their
  efforts, factories were popping up everywhere and
  socialism was stirring.

15

• Of the 50 million people in the Hapsburg empire,
  less then a quarter of them were German-speaking
  Austrians. Austria was the main land of the
  empire. Due to this wide spread of nationalities,
  rival groups often shared the same region. When
  nationalist revolts erupted, the government
  quickly crushed them.
• Young Francis Joseph soon inherited the throne
  and set up a constitution and a legislature. This
  body was mainly German-speaking Austrians which
  angered other countries of the empire. The
  Hungarians especially would settle for nothing
  less than self government.

16

• In 1866 Austria loses to Prussia in a war. A year
  later Francis Deak, a Hungarian leader,
  compromises a Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
• Under the agreement Austria and Hungary were two
  separate states led by Francis Joseph. They
  shared the same ministries of finance, defense,
  and foreign affairs. Other then that they were
  independent of each other.

17

• The Balkans in the Ottoman power was as bad as
  the Hapsburg empire. Nationalism erupted and
  caused crises and wars.
• The Russians saw the empire in a weak state and
  started an invasion. So did other countries like
  Britain, France and Austrians.
• The empire was divided up and taken by other
  countries. In between all these wars,
  nationalities revolted and fought among
  themselves. This region was later referred to as
  the Balkan powder keg, the explosion that came
  in 1914 helped set off World War I

18
Section 5- Russia Reform and Reaction

• By 1800 Russia was the biggest nation in Europe.
  It had great natural resources and it size gave
  it global interests and influence.
• Unfortunately it fell behind and was highly
  undeveloped. By the 1800s, czars feared
  modernization because it would undermine absolute
  rule. The country was ruled by rich landowners
  but was mostly made up of serfs. Serfdom had
  disappeared in Western Europe by the 1700s but
  still remained in Rusia.

19

• Alexander I took the throne in 1801. He seemed
  interested in reform and even talked about
  freeing the serfs. When Napoleon invaded in 1812
  he drew back from the reform.
• Nicholas I takes the throne in 1825 and quickly
  suppresses any revolts for liberal ideas, the
  Decembrist Revolt.
• Nicholas was a very strict ruler and focused on
  the 3 pillars of Russian absolutism. Orthodoxy,
  autocracy, and nationalism.
• Even though he was strict, Nicholas did try to
  modernize towards the end of his rule.

20

• Alexander II took the throne in 1855 during the
  Crimean War. Russia lost, revealing how not
  modernized they truly were.
• Liberals demanded for change and in 1861 the
  serfs were freed. Other reforms like assemblies,
  trial by juries, womans liberation were made at
  this time.
• Many radicals were not happy with the reforms
  like the terrorist group called the Peoples
  Will. They assassinated the czar and other
  officials.

21

• The new Alexander III, took the harsh methods of
  Nicholas I and shut down all liberal movements.
  He was strict and had a secret police to expel
  critics.
• He also persecuted Russian Jews. Pogroms, or
  attacks on the Jews, were performed and they were
  robbed and beat. They became refuges and had to
  escape to a safer area, like the U.S..

22

• Under Alexander III and his son Nicholas II,
  Russia entered and industrial age. The
  Trans-Siberian Railway was built stretching 5,000
  miles long. He tried to industrialize.
• He faced socialist revolutionaries such as
  Vladimir Ulyanov, or Lenin. His brother was
  executed as being part of the assassination of
  Alexander III. He wanted revenge on the
  government. He was a follower of the ideas of
  Karl Marx and would take power in a revolution to
  transform Russia.

23

• War broke out in 1904 between Russia and Japan.
  Russia had been losing. Nicholas II feared his
  people revolting. As crisis deepened, Father
  George Gapon organized a religious march to show
  the czar how much the people were really
  suffering. When the people got to the palace of
  the czar, Nicholas II, in fear, called on his
  army. They fired at the march for no reason. This
  day is known as Bloody Sunday, the day when the
  peoples trust was lost in the czar.

24

• After Bloody Sunday, reforms needed to be made.
  He gave people more freedom and created a Duma,
  or a an elected national legislature. No law
  could be passed without going through the Duma.
• The Duma didnt last. Nicholas tried to have a
  prime minister, but because of the prime
  ministers conservative beliefs, he was
  assassinated. By 1914, Russia was still an
  autocracy, with peasant and worker unrest.