PASS Review

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PASS Review
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Stone Age Periods

• Old Stone Age -gt Paleolithic
• hunters and gatherers
• stone tools
• and weapons
• cave art /
• NO written records

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STONE AGE PERIODS

• New Stone Age -gt Neolithic
• man lived in larger groups
• AGRICULTURE BEGAN
• DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS
• SURPLUS CROPS
• SPECIALIZATION OF
• JOBS

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Ice Man
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FIRST CIVILIZATIONS!!

• RIVER VALLEY
• CIVILIZATIONS
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• China
• India

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River Valley Civilizations
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Mesopotamia

• In the FERTILE CRESCENT
• Included Sumerian Babylonian Empires
• land between the rivers TIGRIS EUPHRATES
• Sargon -gt created FIRST EMPIRE
• Hammurabi -gt FIRST CODE OF LAWS
• Hammurabis Code of Laws
• Achievements wheel, ZIGGURAT (religious
  center) Hanging Gardens of Babylon, glass,
• WRITING CUNEIFORM

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Map of Fertile Crescent
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Map of Mesopotamia
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Sumerian Cuneiform
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Hammurabis Code of Laws
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ziggurat
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Judaism

• Began in Fertile Crescent in Canaan
• FIRST MONOTHEISTIC Religion
• begun by Abraham
• holy text Torah
• Ten Commandments
• Moses led Hebrews from Egypt to
• Canaan

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Torah
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Egypt

• Began along the NILE RIVER
• Menes -gt united Upper and Lower Egypt
• Khufu -gt (Cheops) Great Pyramid
• Hatshepsut -gt female pharaoh
• Tutankhamun -gt boy king, tomb found by Howard
  Carter
• architecture pyramids
• writing HIEROGLYPHICS on papyrus
• government pharaohs
• economy agriculture / FLOODING PRODUCED
• 
  RICH SILT
• religion polytheistic
• mummification

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Egypt

• Egypt

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hieroglyphics
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Great Pyramids of Giza
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India

• Began along the INDUS RIVER
• subcontinent of Asian Himalayas
• cut it off from the rest of the continent
• cities Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
• sometimes called Harappan Civilization
• writing SANSKRIT
• TWO religions began here HINDUISM
  BUDDHISM

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Indus River Valley
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Hinduism

• Polytheistic religion introduced by
• the Aryans
• Brahman supreme being
• holy text Vedas / Books of Knowledge
• CASTE SYSTEM different levels in society
• REINCARNATION cycle of birth, death, rebirth
• dharma laws and duties of Hindus

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Buddhism

• Founder Siddhartha Gautama
• the Buddha
• Beliefs Four Noble Truths (Suffering in Life)
• Middle Way
• Eightfold Path to reach Nirvana
• Reincarnation
• Karma end result of good bad acts
• NO caste system

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Four Noble Truths
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The Buddha
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China

• Began along HUANG RIVER or Yellow River (because
  of loess or silt)
• government dynasties
• Shang was the first
• Mandate of Heaven right to
• rule from the gods
• oracle bones predict the
• future

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China continued

• architecture Great Wall of China -gt built to
  keep out the Mongols
• tomb for Shihuangdi 1,000s of clay soldiers
  horses
• achievements SILK, Silk Road, seismograph, new
  type of rice, gunpowder, woodblock moveable type
• TWO religions began here Confucianism Taoism
  or Daoism

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Great Wall
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Shihuangdis Tomb
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Seismograph
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Silk Road
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Confucianism

• Founder Confucius
• Social order, harmony, and
• good government based
• on STRONG FAMILY
• RELATIONSHIPS
• 5 basic relationships
• Education important to
• society

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Taoism or Daoism

• Founder Laozi
• People should live simple
• lives in harmony with
• nature
• There should be little
• interference from the
• government

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Greece

• TWO important city-states -gt
• ATHENS SPARTA
• Architecture Parthenon in
• Athens / temple for the goddess
• Athena
• acropolis high hill in Greeks city-states
• Sparta military was important
• Olympic Games
• 7 Wonders of the Ancient World (man made)
• writing Greek alphabet / adopted from the
• 
  Phoenicians
• agora market place

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Ancient Greece
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The Parthenon
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Athens FIRST
DEMOCRACY in the world!! people have
a voice in the government
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Greece continued

• People / Know
• Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (SPA)
• philosophers
• Archimedes scientist mathematician
• developed concept of pi
• 
  
• Homer epic poems The Iliad The
• Odyssey
• Pericles rich poor had a part in the
  
• government / built Parthenon

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• Alexander the Great King of Macedonia
• conquered land in Europe, Africa, and Asia
• military political leader
  
• began the Hellenistic Age the Greek culture
  spread to other parts of the world

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Alexanders Empire
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Rome

• Created a large empire on 3
• continents Europe, Asia and Africa
• Two groups of citizens patricians (wealthy)
  plebeians (common)
• TWELVE TABLES first written laws for Rome
• Punic Wars Rome fought Carthage and won
• Pompeii buried by Mt. Vesuvius

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Rome continued

• Government REPUBLIC -gt people choose
  representatives to run the government
• senators patricians
• tribunes represented plebeians
• consuls 2 elected officials /were
• supreme judges and
• commanders of the
  military

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Roman Empire
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Rome continued

• People to know
• Julius Caesar made himself dictator
• assassinated by
  friends
• Augustus (Octavian) first emperor
• ruled during Pax Romana
• Constantine Byzantine Empire /
• Eastern Roman Empire
• allowed Christianity
• Two Roman Empires formed as Rome declined
• Western Roman Empire (Rome) fell first
• Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine)
• Constantinople lasted 1,000 more years

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Rome continued

• JUSTINIAN CODE created by Justinian of the
  Byzantine Empire-gt strict but fair laws which
  gave the same rights to everyone, rich or poor
• Achievements aqueducts, domes, arches,
  Pantheon, Colosseum, roads, alphabet, Roman
  numerals, Latin, laws, concrete, keystones, etc.

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Roman aqueduct
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Roman Colosseum
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keystones
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Christianity

• Religion begun during the time of the Roman
  Empire
• Founder Jesus
• Holy Text Bible
• Beliefs monotheistic
• People will gain salvation if
  they
• follow the teachings of Jesus
• Three largest groups Catholic, Protestant
• Eastern
  Orthodox

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Religion of Islam

• Founder Muhammad
• Holy Text Koran or Quran
• Islamic God Allah
• Five Pillars of Faith
• Faith in Muhammad and Allah
• Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca
• Almsgiving -gt give money to the poor
• Fast during the month of Ramadan
• Pilgrimage to Mecca once in lifetime

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Map of West Africa
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Geography of West Africa

• Climate Zones from north to south
• Mediterranean Sea
• Sahel shore of the Sahara Desert
• Sahara Desert (largest desert in the world)
• Savanna or grasslands (in the Sahel)
• Tropical Rainforest

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Sahel
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Sahara
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Ghana

• GHANA -gt first great empire in WEST AFRICA
• -gtcontrolled gold salt
  trade
• resources included iron ore gold
• used the iron ore to make tools weapons
• used gold to trade with other nations
• MUSLIMS of North Africa were important trade
  partners with Ghana -gt Muslims brought horses,
  cloth SALT to trade with Ghana
• SALT-gt important to preserve food
• to stay healthy

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Mali

• A great TRADE EMPIRE
• TIMBUKTU -gt major trading city of Mali
• Trade with MUSLIMS was linked to the conversion
  of local people to the ISLAM religion
• Islamic influence was evident in government,
  education, architecture
• in west Africa

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Songhai

• the largest of the three west Africa Empires
• developed along the Niger River
• it became a rich nation because of the large
  GOLD-SALT trade routes between Arabia, North
  Africa, West Africa

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Mesoamerica

• First people came from Asia by way of BERINGIA -gt
  a land bridge that was formed during the Ice Age
  between Asia and North America
• Greatest civilizations in Mexico and Central
  America
• MAYAS AZTECS
• slash and burn agriculture / grew maize
• stone pyramids for religious purposes
• steles flat stones with glyphs (symbols)
• codex folding screen book
• conquered by Spanish Conquistadors

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Beringia
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Mesoamerica
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Mayan Pyramid
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stele
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codex
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Incas

• Lived in the Andes Mountains in South America
• Cities Machu Picchu Cuzco
• NO written language
• Quipu knotted cord used for record keeping
• Conquered by Spanish conquistadors

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Inca Empire
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quipu
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Machu Picchu
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Middle Ages

• Also known as MEDIEVAL
• (Latin for middle)
• Period between AD 500-1400
• Between fall of the Roman Empire the Modern Age
• FEUDALISM-gtway of life during the Middle Ages
  based on ownership of land and loyalty

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Middle Ages continued

• Society
• King or monarch
• Lords
• Vassals lower lords
• Knights protected the land
• serfs or peasants worked the land
• MANORS lords estate / including castle,
  farmland, village
• GUILDS first workers unions of craftsmen /
  set rules on quality of products and prices of
  products

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Middle Ages continued

• MAGNA CARTA THE Great Charter which for the
  first time limited the power of a king and gave
  more power to the nobility
• King John I was forced to sign the Magna Carta

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knight castle
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King John signing the Magna Carta
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Medieval Guilds
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Japanese and European Feudal System

• JAPAN EUROPE
• Emperor King (Monarch)
• Shogun Lord (Noble)
• Daimyo Vassals
• Samurai Knights
• Serfs or Peasants---------------------?

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Crusades

• HOLY WARS (1096-1272)
• Purpose to regain the Holy Lands (Palestine)
  from the Muslim Turks
• Outcome opened TRADE between Europe and Asia
• Important products that were traded SPICES,
  silk, linen, coffee, jewels, etc.

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Trade Items Included
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Bubonic Plaguefollowed Trade Routes from Asia
to Europe
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Renaissance1400-1600

• REBIRTH of Greek Roman
• Culture
• Began in FLORENCE, ITALY
• Focus on HUMANISM, secular belief on education
  and what the individual could achieve during
  his/her lifetime
• MEDICI family were PATRONS of the arts

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Renaissance People to Know

• Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa
• The Last
  Supper
• Michelangelo painted Sistine Chapel
• Johannes Gutenberg movable type
• 
  printing press
• Martin Luther protested ways of the
• Catholic Church
• began Protestantism
  

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Age of Exploration

• People began to explore to find an all water
  route to get to Asia to buy the products like
  spices and silk
• There was already a land route the Silk Road
• Portugal led the way
• Vasco da Gama-gt rounded Africa to get to
  Asia
• Columbus (sponsored by Spain) went west across
  the Atlantic Ocean to get to Asia
• Columbus called the natives Indians
  because he thought he was in the Indies
• He NEVER realized he discovered a New
• World
• Ferdinand Magellan-gt FIRST TO CIRCUMNAVIGATE the
  world

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Vasco da Gama
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Christopher Columbus
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Columbian Exchange