Culture

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Culture

• Looking at its patterns and processes

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• Agree with Karl Popper The more we learn about
  the world, and the deeper our learning, the more
  conscious, specific, and articulate will be our
  knowledge of what we do not know.

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Culture Introduction

• Culture is everywhere!
• Cultural Geography study of peoples lifestyles,
  their creations and their relationships to the
  earth and the supernatural
• Involves both tangible and non-tangible areas of
  study
• Example architecture and religion
• Culture is gigantic and difficult to study!

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Culture Basics

• Culture defined a peoples way of life, their
  behaviors, and their shared understanding of life
• Culture is a learned system of meaning
• Material components of culture tangible
  artifacts that can be phsycially left behind like
  clothing and architecture
• Nonmaterial components of culture thoughts and
  ideas of a people like religions or morals
• Carl Sauer developed idea of cultural landscape
  (a.k.a. built environment)
• The cultural landscape comprises the physical
  implications of human culture-where human culture
  exists, it leaves a cultural landscape as their
  unique imprint on the earth

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Cultural Basics, cont.

• Culture changes all the time and leaves
  historical remants all over
• Sequent occupance defined the succession of
  different cultures
• Example Russia where they have been conquered by
  Russians, Mongols, Muslims and Europeans and all
  left behind cultural traits
• Cultural ecology defined the systematic study of
  human-environment interaction

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Environmental Determinism

• One thought that answers question Does the earth
  make humans take the actions they do.
• Developed by Greeks and says human behavior is
  controlled by physical environment
• Ideal climates lead to productive civilizations
• Example ancient Egypt along the Nile or Florida
• Harsher climates do not create productive
  cultural groups
• Example Siberia or countries in the Sahara desert

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Possiblism

• Provides a counterargument to environmental
  determinism
• Argues that natural environment places no
  restrictions on humans whatsoever!
• Believes that restrictions humans face are placed
  on ourselves
• Example Phoenix, Arizona
• Political ecology takes it one step further and
  argues the government of a region affects the
  environment which in turns affects choices
  available to people in the region

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The Layers of Culture

• Culture trait simplest component, a single
  attribute of a culture
• Example food, clothing, shaking of hands
• Culture complex combination of all cultural
  traits to create a unique set of traits
• Example American culture or Japanese culture
• Culture systems when culture complexes share
  particular traits and they merge together
• Example people in the South speak with different
  accent that people in the North but still share a
  the larger American culture

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Nature of Culture

• Conclusions Anthropologists and Historians have
  come to about the nature of culture
• Learned, shared behavior
• Necessary for cooperation establishes
  predictability and trust
• Culture is irrational not internally
  consistent, nor does it consistently recommend
  the right choices
• Defines what is real the nature of reality
• Every society, and therefore individual, is
  influenced by multiple layers of culture.

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Studying National Cultures

• Four Primary Categories of Research
• Identity A culture groups view of itself,
  comprising the traits of group character, its
  history, and future role.
• Norms Accepted and expected modes of behavior
• Values material goods or character traits that
  enhance status within a community
• Perceptive Lens Beliefs (true or misinformed)
  which color the way the world is viewed.

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Lets do an activity
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Identity

• American
• What do you think here?
• Afghan
• Unconquerable
• Proud of withstanding Arab (Islamic) conquest
• Generous
• Shrewd
• Tribal first

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Values Key question what traits amplify
status in this society?

• American
• Human do-ings
• Status awarded according to measurable
  accomplishments. Achievement oriented.
• Self reliant
• Cant imagine fate worse than being dependent
• Equality
• Informal personal style
• Cannot understand how people can comprehend and
  reject
• Individualism
• Own opinions, and experience are primary source
  of information
• Trained to make choices very young
• Faith in the individual
• Solitary
• See consequences in terms of the individual
• Tend to overestimate attractiveness of
  individualism as a basis for society

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Values

• Afgan
• Generosity, hospitality
• Courage
• Damaged in the war with the Soviets
• Honor based society
• Kill me but dont put me out in the sun.
• Protection of the tribes
• Mix of ascriptive and achievement orientation

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Norms Accepted and expected modes of behavior

• American
• Ahistorical
• History is more or less bunk. Henry Ford
• Believe in human control of events
• Purpose of human activity is problem solving
• Anticipate problems and prepare
• Effort optimism
• Believe that success achieved by hard work
• Through effort one will achieve ones ambitions.
  No goal is too remote, no obstacle too difficult
  for the individual who has the determination to
  expend the effort. Hard work is rewarded by
  success Stewart and Bennet
• My most valuable secret? Im going to outwork
  you. Pat Summit

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Norms

• American cont
• Action Oriented
• Prefer to do than to contemplate
• Comfortable with trial and error as a learning
  method
• Compartmentalize others this way
• Impatience
• Preferred problem solving device Technology
• Believe most problems have a technical solution
• Enjoy novelty and material change
• Low Context communication style
• Generally mean what we say
• Tend to miss cues from High Context societies

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Norms

• Afghan
• Communication
• High context rather than low context
• Shrewd lying an accepted mode of communication
  (also poetic exaggeration)
• Hospitality, protection of guests
• Superiors play the role of host
• Blood relationships carry profound weight
• Who is he to you?
• corruption
• Leadership
• Personal power base trumps rule of law
• Expected to extract wealth and disperse (plunder,
  tribute or subsidy).

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Norms

• Afghan cont
• Bride price
• Tribal, rather than central organization
• Armies, in Afghanistan, are personal affairs.
  p. 18
• Defeat great powers by dissolving

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Perceptive Lens

• American
• Overemphasis on human similarity
• Linear view of time
• Focus on the near future.
• Deadlines rule.
• Thinking Style
• Causal chains (analysis)
• Implied Agent
• Dichotomies
• Tendency to simplify to one good reason
• It is human nature to want a democratic and
  capitalistic system
• Worlds problems are economic

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Perceptive Lens

• Afghan
• Post traumatic stress syndrome
• Susceptible to fear
• Strong practical, rather than ideological
  orientation
• Foreigners control everything incompetence
  never the explanation
• Taliban will stay, US will go
• Deeply fear return of chaos
• Suspicious of Pakistan

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Culture Regions and Realms

• We already learned formal, functional and
  perceptual regions-there is another type,
  cultural regions
• Culture region defined drawn around places and
  peoples with similariteis in their culture
  systems
• Becomes more a question of perspective than
  anything else!
• Culture realm defined merging together of
  culture regions
• People typically feel a sense of emotional
  attachment to particular regions leading to
  regional identities
• Regional identities often lead to perceptual
  regions
• Example People from Texas consider themselves
  from the Southwest but people from California
  consider Texans to be southern

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Perceptual Regions in U.S.
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World Perceptual Regions
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Cultural Diffusion

• Cultural diffusion defined spread of peoples
  culture across space
• Two categories of diffusion exist
• Expansion diffusion cultural component spreads
  outward to new places while remaining strong in
  its original hearth
• Relocation diffusion actual movement of orignial
  adopters from their point of origin (hearth) to a
  new place
• Spatial diffusion spread of any phenomenon
  across space (like a disease)

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Expansion Diffusion

• Several forms exists
• Stimulus expansion diffusion happens when an
  innovative idea diffuses from its hearth outward
  but orginial idea is changed by new adopters
• Example apple icons and microsoft
• Contagious expansion diffusion when numerous
  places or people near the point of origin become
  adopters (or infected in the case of disease)
• Example spread of diseases or KFC restaurants
• Hierarchical expansion diffusion occurs when
  diffusion innovation or concept spreads from a
  place or person of power or high susceptibility
  to another in a leveled pattern
• Example rap music moved from large to small
  cities or war

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Models of Diffusion
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Relocation Diffusion

• Different from expansion diffusion where
  innovation or disease does the moving, here the
  people do the moving
• Examples HIV/AIDS, Chinese food in America
• Migrant diffusion where innovation spreads and
  lasts only a brief time in the newly adopted
  place-makes finding the place of origin difficult
• Example the flu, native languages
• Most diffusion is mixed and doesnt fit into one
  category!
• Example HIV/AIDS

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Cultural Convergence

• Defined process of two cultures adopting each
  others traits and becoming more alike
• Typically, when two cultures come into contact,
  one will be more powerful than the other
• Acculturation when weaker of two cultures
  adopts traits from more dominant culture
• Example foreign foods in U.S. or immigrants
  being bilingual
• Assimilation when original traits of weaker
  culture are completely erased and replaced by
  traits of more dominant culture
• Example war, immigrants no longer speaking
  native language

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Transculturation and the S-Curve

• Transculturation defined occurs when two
  cultures of just about equal power or influence
  meet and exchange ideas or traits without the
  domination seen in acculturation and assimilation
• Example idea of melting pot in U.S.
• S-curve path diffusion often follows
• Early adopters innovators
• Majority adopters more people adopt innovation
• Late adopters stragglers to innovation
• Example computers or cell phones

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Sample S Curves
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Cultural Hearths

• Defined areas where innovations in culture
  began, such as where agriculture, government and
  urbanization originated
• Example Andean America, West Africa
• Considered the sources of human civilization
• Independent innovation where hearths invent
  innovations without knowing about each other
• Example agriculture developing in Mesopotamia
  and East Asia at same time

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Locations of cultural hearths
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List of accepted cultural hearths

• Andean American eastward direction through South
  America
• Mesoamerica eastern and western North America
• West Africa throughout Africa
• Nile River Valley throughout Africa and SW Asia
• Mesopotamia throughout SW Asia, Europe, Central
  and East Asia, West Africa
• Indus River Valley SW, Central and East Asia
• Ganges River delta South, SE and SW asia
• Wei and Huang rivers (China) East and SE Asia

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Cultural Identities and Landscapes

• Looking closely at what defines culture

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Religion

• Religion defined a set of beliefs and activities
  that are created to help humans celebrate and
  understand their place in the world
• Religions help define right and wrong within a
  culture
• Can have profound impact on human interaction
  with the environment through architecture, ideas
  about land, etc
• Religion is the single largest determiner of
  culture!

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2 religious classifications

• Universalizing vs. Ethnic
• Universalizing try to have universal appeal and
  attract all people to their beliefs
• Example Christianity, Islam
• Ethnic attempt to appeal not to all people but
  to one group, usually in one place or of one
  ethnicity
• Example Hinduism, Judaism
• Polytheistic vs. Monotheistic
• Polytheistic belief in many supreme beings
• Example Hinduism, maybe Buddhism
• Monothesitic belief in one supreme being
• Example Christianity, Islam, Judaism

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World Religious Regions
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Universalizing Religions

• Followed by about 60 of worlds population
• Can be broken down into branches, denominations
  and sects
• Branches large fundamental divisions with in a
  religion
• Example Catholocism and Protestantism
• Denominations groups of common congregations
  within a branch
• Example Anglicans and Episcoplaians
• Sects smaller groups that have broken away from
  recognized denomination within a branch
• Example Fundamental Church of Jesus Christ of
  Latter-day Saints
• Examples include Buddhism, Christianity, Islam
  and Sikhism

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Buddhism

• Origins worlds first universalizing religion
• Developed out of Hinduism and caste system
• Founded in India near Indo-Gangetic Hearth
  between Indus and Ganges rivers by Prince
  Siddhartha Gautama born in 644 BCE
• Diffusion Routes started in India, spread to
  China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia and
  Southeast Asia along Silk Road
• Now nearly extinct in India
• Nearly 350 million followers world wide

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Basic Beliefs of Buddhism

• 4 noble truths
• Life is suffering and inherently painful
• Suffering has a cause craving and attachment
  (selfishness)
• Craving and attachment can be overcome
• By following the eightfold path
• Eightfold path
• Right Concentration, Right Purpose, Right Speech,
  Right Conduct, Right Livlihood, Right Effort,
  Right Alertness, Right Effort
• Reincarnation humans cycle through until
  reaching enlightenment
• Karma Universal law of justice

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Branches of Buddhism

• Theravada monastic, practiced by nearly 55 of
  all Buddhists
• Found mainly in SE Asian countries like Sri
  Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia
• Mahayana do not spend time as monks but find
  salvation (enlightenment) through meditation and
  prayer
• Practiced by 40 of Buddhists and found primarily
  in Korea, Vietnam, Japan and China
• Lamaism in Tibet combines monasticism of
  Theravada with local images of dieties and
  demons-practiced only by about 5 of Buddhists
• Leader is Dalai Lama who has been exiled from
  Tibet by Chinese government
• Zen exists primarily in Japan but growing in
  popularity in U.S.
• Believes in original mind

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Cultural Landscape Features

• Most famous structure is pagoda which is made to
  look like ancient burial mound shapes
• Bodhi tree in India where Buddha reached
  enlightenment while meditating under it

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Christianity

• Origins second universalizing religion to
  develop as offshoot of Judaism when Jesus Christ
  was seen as expected Messiah by disciples
• Hearth near modern day Israel
• Diffusion Route used both expansion and
  relocation diffusion from Palestine, has nearly 2
  billion adherents
• 312 CE Roman Empire adopted Christianity as
  official religion
• 15th Century colonization efforts of Europeans
  spread it as well
• Today nearly 90 of Western Hemisphere is
  Christian

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Basic Beliefs

• Jesus Christ is the Son of God
• Bible is sacred text
• Belief of love, forgiveness and repentance
• Some branches/sects accept prophets, some do not
• All believe in personal God who is unchanging

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Branches of Christianity

• Roman Catholics largest and orginal piece of
  Christianity with nearly 830 million adherents
• Hierarchical religion because of well defined
  organization with Pope at tope
• No real divisions
• Headquartered in Vatican City in Rome, Italy
• Protestant Christians nearly 503 million
  adherents, broken into denominations
• Baptist, Methodist, Pentecostal and Luthern are
  larest denominations
• Began in 15th Century with Protestant Reformation
• Eastern Orthodoxy developed in 1054 when Roman
  Catholic Church split
• Collection of 14 self-governing churches, largest
  being Russian Orthodox
• Has nearly 192 million adherents and is rooted in
  Constantinople

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Cultural Landscape Features

• Varied landscape reflects varied history
• Catholocism has Cathedrals in almost every city
• Protestantism is usually simple, wood, plain
  churches

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Islam

• Origins was 3rd Universalizing religion to
  develop, orginated in Mecca, Saudi Arabia around
  600 CE
• Last prophet was Muhammad, has nearly 1.2 billion
  adherents
• Is 2nd largest but fastest growing religion on
  earth
• It is monothesitic and sacred text is the Koran
• Diffusion Route diffused through Mohammeds
  followers who organized armies through Africa,
  Europe and Asia
• Successful diffusion led to Crusades by Europeans
  to take back and save lands that had been
  conquered by Muslims

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Basic Beliefs

• 5 pillars of Islam
• Faith accepting Allah as the only God, Mohammad
  as his final prophet and the Quran as Allahs
  words
• Prayer pray 5 times a day, facing Mecca
• Fasting during month of Ramadan in memory of
  Mohammads first vision
• Almsgiving a.k.a. Zukat, giving of money to care
  for the less fortunate about 2 ½ of ones
  income and can be public or private
• Hajj a.k.a. pilgramage-once in a lifetime trip
  to Mecca

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Primary Branches

• Sunni means orthodox
• About 85 of Muslims practice this
• Dominate in Arab-speaking areas of Bangladesh and
  Pakistan
• Believe Sunni Caliphs (religious emperors) in the
  Umayyad Dynasty were not descendants of Muhammad,
  nor were Ottoman emperors
• Shiite majority in Iran and Iraq
• Account for nearly 15 of adherents
• Shia believe descendants of Ali were acceptable
  authoritis in Islam
• Sufi less than 3 of Muslims
• Mystical sect
• Example Twirling Durbishes

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Cultural Landscape Features

• Mosque center of Muslim worship, typically has
  four minarets or towers used to called
  worshippers
• No depiction of human or animal form
• Mecca

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Sikhism

• Nearly 22 million adherents
• Very small universalizing religion but larger
  than Judaism (ethnic religion)
• Founded in late 15th century in modern day
  Pakistan
• Some see it as syncretic religion (blend of
  beliefs of and practices of two religions) of
  Hinduism and Islam
• Follows teachings of Guru Nanak with holiest site
  at Golden Temple in Amritsar, India

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Ethnic Religions

• Developed before the major universalizing
  religions
• Largest are Hinduism and Judaism
• East Asian ethnic religions have many
  branches/sects

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Hinduism

• Origins has more than 900 million adherents,
  mostly living in India
• Evolved in Indo-Gangetic Heart in about 2000 BCE
• Oldest religion on earth
• Has many sacred texts including the Vedas and the
  Baghavad Gita
• Diffusion Route spread from Indo-Gangetic Hearth
  eastward via the Ganges and south through India
• Blended with other faiths
• Never really left India and is closely tied to
  Indian culture
• Primary Branches no real formal branches exist
• Can be considered both monotheistic and
  polytheistic

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Basic Beliefs

• Reincarnation continue through cycle until
  reaching enlightenment
• Karma universal law of justice
• Trinity Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva
• Brahma creator of the world
• Vishnu he loves you
• Shiva god of duality, both detroyer and
  fertility
• Ganesh(a) remover of obstacles-NOT part of the
  Trinity
• Caste system social hierarchy based on Karma
• Brahmans educated elite, priests
• Kshatryas military class
• Vaisyas merchants and farmers
• Sudras peasants
• Untouchables truly untouchable

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Cultural Landscape Features

• Ganges river holy to bathe in
• Temples frequently have food as offerings to Gods
• Cremation of dead most common

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Hindu Gods
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Judaism

• Origins oldest monotheistic religion on earth
  created 2000 BCE in Semitic Hearth
• Grew out of tribal belief of Jews whose
  headquarters became Jerusalem
• Abraham is considered founder and root of
  religions
• Holy book is Torah (Biblical Stories) and Talmud
  (rabbinical and historical teachings)
• Diffusion route After Rome destroyed Jerusalem,
  Jews were scatter throughout world in diaspora (a
  scattering of any ethnic group)
• Jews scattered into central Europe and toward
  Iberian Peninsula
• Currently about 18 million Jews world wide with
  many living in Israel
• 66 of Jews live in the U.S. and Israel (created
  in 1948 as homeland for Jews)

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Basic Beliefs

• There is one God, Jehovah
• There will be a Messiah or Savior
• 10 commandments
• Kosher dietary law based in Old Testament
• Primary Branches
• Orthodox seeks to retain the original traditions
  of the faith
• Reform developed in 1800s attempting to adjust
  the religion to fit more modern times
• Conservative most recent branch, more moderate
  approach to the religion than either Reform or
  Orthodox

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Cultural Landscape Features

• Synagogue house of worship and community
  gathering
• All have an ark housing the Torah
• Western Wall in Jerusalem, believed to be western
  side of Temple Mount complex that was destroyed
• Six-pointed star

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East Asia Religions

• Shintoism syncretic, ethnic religion blending
  Buddhism with Japanese local religions
• About 118 adherents
• Ancestor worship and Buddhism
• Taoism (Daoism) Chinese idea based on philospher
  Laozi who lived about 6th century BCE
• Teaches people should live in harmony with nature
  in all aspects of their lives
• Created feng shui the practice of organizing
  living spaces in harmonious ways
• Confucianism Chinese philosopher who lived
  aroudn the same time as Laozi
• Teachers a system of morals and way of life for
  Chinese in areas like government, education,
  religion and philosphy
• Focuses mor on worldly life rather than idea of
  heaven and hell
• Both spread to Korean Peninsula, Japan, SE Asia,
  North American and Euorope
• Together estimated 263 million followers

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Shamanism and Animism

• Shamanism term given to any ethnic religion in
  which community follows its Shaman, or religious
  leader, healer and truth knower
• Historically found in North America, SE
• Asia and East Asia
• Animism belief that objects such as trees,
  mountains and rivers have spirits in them
• Taught by some Shamans

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Largest World Religious Bodies

• Catholic Church 1,100,000,000
• Sunni Islam 875,000,000
• Eastern Orthodox 225,000,000
• Anglican 77,000,000
• Assemblies of God 50,000,000
• Seventh-day Adventists 16,811,519
• Jehovahs Witnesses 16,500,000
• LDS Church 12,275,822
• New Apostolic Church 10,260,000
• Ahmadiyya 10,000,000
• Bahai 6,000,000

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Secularism and Theocracy

• 4 billion people world wide believe in some
  religion or faith
• Millions of people have accepted secularism
  instead of religion
• Secularism movement away from control of life by
  religion
• Other countries have accepted a theocracy
• Theocracy government run by religion

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Religion and Conflict

• Throughout history, humans have fought over
  territory thought to be sacred
• Interfaith boundaries divide space between two
  or more religions
• Intrafaith boundaries divide space within one
  religion, often among denominations
• Boundaries can lead to conflict that is often
  very passionate and violent

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Examples of Interfaith Boundaries

• China and Tibet between Tibetan Buddhism and
  Atheism
• Nigeria between Islam and Christianity
• India between Hinduism and Sikhism in NW state
  of Punjab, Sikhist government wants autonomy from
  Hindu Indian government
• India and Pakistan between Islam and Hinduism
• Former Yugoslavia between Christianity and Islam
• Palestine (modern Isral) between Judaism and
  Islam

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Examples of Intrafaith Boundaries

• Iraq Sunni and Shia Islam
• United States Christian fundamentalism and
  moderate, liberal Christianity
• Northern Ireland Protestant Christians and Roman
  Catholics

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Language

• Combined with religion, language creates the
  fundamental components in cultural identity
• Language is culture trait that is learned and
  passed on from one generation to another
• Estimates are language emerged nearly 2.5 million
  years ago
• Language divergence when speakers of the same
  language scatter and develop variations of that
  original form of the language to meet needs for
  new surroundings
• Example original language may not have had word
  for iceberg because they never saw one

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Language, cont.

• Language replacement when invaders replace the
  langauge of those they conquer
• Replacement can lead to language extinction (when
  a language is no longer used by people in the
  world)
• Geographers trace language diffusion paths
  through reverse reconstruction
• If two languages share a common word for an
  extince animal that no longer exists
• That animal only existed in one fo the many
  places where the two languages are now spoken
• Then one possible conclusion is that the language
  diffused from the place where the extinct animal
  once existed and speakers carried the word for
  that animal with them

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Language Tree

• Developed by Geographers to organize languages
  and is divided into the following heirarchy
• 19 language families
• Each family has its own branches
• Each branch has its own groups
• Each group has its own language
• each language has its won dialects

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Major Language Families

• Indo-European 430 languages spoken by 44.78 of
  the world
• Sino-Tibetan 399 languages spoken by 22.28 of
  world
• Niger-Congo 1,495 languages spoken by 6.26 of
  world
• Afro-Asiatic 353 languages spoken by 5.93 of
  world
• Austronesian 1,246 languages spoken by 5.45 of
  world
• Dravidian 73 languages spoken by 3.87 of worlds

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Indo-European Hearth

• About 50 of all people speak an Indo-European
  language, most prominent is English
• Location of this hearth is speculative
• Conquest theory says it began in empire-building
  Kurgan culture located in steppe region of
  Russia, north of the Caspian Sea
• Agricultural theory says it started in farming
  community in Danube River region
• Either way, it is believed to have settled
  between 6000 and 4500 BCE

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World Language Families
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Monolingual and Multilingual States

• Language can tie a state together or create
  disunity
• Multilingual states countries where more than
  one language is spoken
• Can cause conflict over language and ties to
  national identity and power
• Monolingual states contain speakers of only one
  language
• Very difficult to find in world of globalization
  but some countries fighting to keep monolingual
  status like France

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Multilingual Conflict Examples

• Canada English vs. French
• Quebec (French speaking) want recognition and
  power against English majority
• Some have called for secession from Canada
• Belgium Dutch vs. French
• Dutch speaking North, French speaking south
  competing for control over government
• Cyprus Greek vs. Turkish
• Greek majority and Turkish minority compete for
  control of island
• Currently divided by green-line partition
  separating the two cultures
• Nigeria Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo and 230 other
  languages
• Hausa in north, Yoruba in SW and Ibo in SE divide
  Nigeria with 230 other languages adding
  complications for unity
• English is official language in attempt to create
  common communication

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Official and Standard Languages

• Official language declared by leaders of country
  to be the language used in legal and governmental
  proceedings
• Usually it is language of majority
• Can have more than one official language
• Examples Nigeria and English, Canada and French
  and English
• Standard language acceptable form of a given
  language as delcared by political or societal
  leaders
• Example Britian teaches British Received
  Pronunciation English in schools instead of
  American English

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Last of Language Stuff

• Lingua Franca language used to facilitate trade
• Example In Africa where many native languages
  are spoken, business uses English or French
• Pidgin when groups who are dominated by a
  stronger group adopt a simpler version of the
  dominating language
• Creole a pidgin language that becomes part of a
  culture and is written

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Toponyms

• Defined place names that reflect cultural
  identity and impact the cultural landscape
• These can tell us what cultures value
• Examples
• Controversy in India over renaming the city of
  Bombay to Mumbai-English had named it Bombay but
  Mumbai relates to an Hindu God
• St. Petersburg in Russia named by Peter the Great
• Paradise, California
• Hell, Michigan

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Ethnicity

• Defined sets of rules that people create to
  define their group through actual or preceived
  shared culture traits, such as language, religion
  and nationality
• Very debated term because no one really knows how
  to define global ethnicities
• Ghetto region in which an ethnic minority is
  forced to live by economic, legal or governmental
  pressures
• Ethnic Enclave place in which an ethnic minority
  is concentrated, sometimes in the form of a
  ghetto
• Enclave a place in which a minority group is
  concentrated and surrounded by a hostile or
  unwelcoming majority
• Barrio Spanish-speaking enclave in a city

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Race

• Defined classification system of humans based on
  skin color and other physical characteristics
• Throughout history, race has been used to
  separate groups of people
• Example Apartheid, South Africa
• It is not always a clear distinction between race
  and ethnicity but ethnicity is usually seen to
  incorporate more than just race
• Example Turks in Germany

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Social Distance

• Defined measurement of how distant two
  ethnicities or social groups are from each other
• Important because tension often arises from
  marginalized (place in a place of marginal
  influence, power or importance) minorities
• This marginalization can lead to discrimination
  by more powerful social group
• Tension can also be created by ethnocentrism from
  BOTH groups

84
Ethnic Cleansing

• Used throughout history to justify the systematic
  destruction of one particular ethnic group
• Defined process in which a racial or ethnic
  group attempts to expel from a territory another
  racial or ethnic group
• When ethnic cleansing is taken one step further
  it becomes genocide (when a racial or ethnic
  group tries to kill another racial or ethnic
  group)
• Examples
• Slobodan Milosevic in the former Yugoslavia
• Hitler and the Jews
• Darfur region of Sudan

85
Gender

• Defined category of classifying humans
  reflecting not just biological but also social
  differences between men and women
• Throughout history, there has been a gender gap.
  Current issues include
• High maternal mortality rates-women in less
  developed countries are 100-600 times more likely
  to die in childbirth
• Female infanticide seen in countries where men
  are more desired like China or India where
  parents cant pay the dowry
• Dowry Death a bride is killed by her husbands
  family because her father didnt/couldnt pay the
  dowry
• Enfranchisement most women cant vote today
• Gender imbalance places like China and India
  where men outnumber women creating huge social
  problems
• Longevity gap despite issues, women typically
  live longer than men

86
Folk and Popular Culture

• Folk culture limited to smaller region and
  smaller number of people than pop culture
• Usually isolated groups that have long-lasting
  culture traits that havent substantially changed
  over time
• Example Amish
• Popular culture mass culture that diffuses
  rapidly
• Example 1960s or Rock and Roll

87
Maladaptive Diffusion

• Defined adoption of a diffusing trait that is
  impractical for a region or culture
• Occurs because popular culture doesnt always
  reflect its original environment
• Many see this as a negative because pop culture
  has lead to an increase in consumption
• Created overfilled landfills with water bottles
  or people driving by themselves instead of in
  carpools
• Examples
• Blue jeans in warm climates
• What examples can you think of?

88
Cultural Imperialism

• Defined the invasion of a culture into another
  with the intent of dominating the invaded culture
  politically, economically and/or socially
• Many people in the world feel that globalization
  is really cultural imperialism
• Cultural nationalism has risen in response to
  cultural imperialism-it is the rise of
  anticultural imperial forces, the fight by
  regions and cultures to resist cultural
  convergence and imperialism and remain distinct
• Cultural homogeneity cultural sameness
• This is being seen across the globe because of
  globalization and the internet