Religion Part 1

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Religion Part 1
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Definition

• A set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature,
  and purpose of the universe, usually involving
  devotional and ritual observances, and often
  containing a moral code governing the conduct of
  human affairs.
• A specific fundamental set of beliefs and
  practices generally agreed upon by a number of
  persons or sects
• A set of beliefs and practices generally held by
  a community, involving adherence to codified
  beliefs and rituals and study of ancestral or
  cultural traditions, writings, history, and
  mythology, as well as personal faith and mystic
  experience.

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• Universalizing religion attempts to be global,
  to appeal to all people (62 of the world)
• Ethnic religion appeals primarily to one group
  of people living in one place (24 of the world)
• 14 of the world is non-religious
• Branch a large and fundamental division within a
  religion
• Denomination a division of a branch that unites
  a number of local congregations in a single legal
  and administrative body
• Sect a relatively small group that has broken
  away from an established denomination

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Importance

• People draw from religion their core values and
  beliefs
• Some religions designed to appeal to everyone
  others designed to appeal to a smaller group of
  people
• Studying religion (and language) helps us
  understand how people identify themselves and how
  they organize the landscape
• Most religions require exclusive adherence, so
  adopting a new religion requires turning away
  from the old (not like language)
• Like language, migrants take their religion with
  them to new places (although they learn the new
  language, they retain their religion)

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Religion as a centripetal force and as a
centrifugal force

• Centripetal
• Ex Judaism
• Centrifugal
• Ex Christians and Muslims in Nigeria

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Map of Nigeria
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Sharia

• Islamic religious law
• There is no strictly static codified set of laws
  of sharia. Sharia is more of a system of
  devising laws, based on the Qur'an (the religious
  text of Islam)
• Belief that the law must provide all that is
  necessary for a person's spiritual and physical
  well-being. All possible actions of a Muslim are
  divided into five categories
• Obligatory
• Meritorious
• Permissible
• Reprehensible
• Forbidden

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• Sharia law is divided into two main sections
• The acts of worship, or al-ibadat, these include
• Ritual Purification (wudu)
• Prayers (salah)
• Fasts (sawm and Ramadan)
• Charities (zakat)
• Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)
• Human interaction, or al-mu'amalat, which
  includes
• Financial transactions
• Endowments
• Laws of inheritance
• Marriage, divorce, and child care
• Foods and drinks (including ritual slaughtering
  and hunting)
• Penal punishments
• Warfare and peace

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• In practice the new Sharia courts in Nigeria have
  most often meant the re-introduction of harsh
  punishments without respecting the much tougher
  rules of evidence and testimony.
• The punishments include amputation of one/both
  hands for theft, and stoning for adultery and
  apostasy.

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Major religions have key components

• 1. Doctrine, teaching
• 2. Rituals
• 3. Institutions, hierarchies, administrations

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Virgin Mary appearances
http//www.neatorama.com/2006/08/28/august-a-busy-
month-for-religious-sightings/
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Numbers and percentages (book pg 184)

• Christianity 35 of worlds population
• Islam 20
• Hinduism 13
• Buddhism 6

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Classification

• Old classification
• Monotheistic
• Judaism
• Christianity
• Islam
• Polytheistic
• Hinduism
• New classification
• Universalizing message for all global appeal,
  missionary component
• Christianity
• Islam
• Buddhism
• Ethnic message for particular group in a
  particular place
• Hinduism

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World religions spatial distribution (Rubenstein
pg 184)

• Selected universalizing religions
• Christianity most widespread, N. America, S.
  America, Europe, Australia, Africa, and Asia
• Islam North Africa, SW Asia, South and Southeast
  Asia
• Hinduism South Asia
• Buddhism East and Southeast Asia

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Christianity

• 2 billion adherents, far more than any other
  world religion
• 3 major branches
• Roman Catholic (52 of Christians)
• Protestant (21 of Christians)
• Eastern Orthodox (10)

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Christianity in Europe

• Roman Catholicism southwest and east
• Protestantism northwest
• Eastern Orthodoxy east and southeast
• 14 self-governing churches
• 40 of all Eastern Orthodox Christians belong to
  the Russian Orthodox Church
• 20 to Romanian Church
• Bulgarian, Greek, and Serbian Orthodox 10 each

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Christianity in the Western Hemisphere

• 90 of people living in the Western Hemisphere
  are Christian
• Roman Catholicism
• 93 of Christians in Latin America
• 29 of Christians in North America (southwestern
  and northeastern U.S., and Quebec)
• Protestant
• 28 of the U.S.
• Baptist (southeast)
• Methodist, Pentecostal, and Lutheran (upper
  midwest)

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Origin of Christianity

• Christianity founded by the teachings of Jesus,
  executed in AD 30 by the Romans
• In the mid-first century, Christianity spread
  beyond its Jewish origins under the leadership of
  the Apostles, especially Peter and Paul.
• Christianity spread east to Asia and throughout
  the Roman Empire, despite persecution by the
  Roman Emperors

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• Legalization by Emperor Constantine in 313
• 400s Council of Nicaea (to bring uniformity
  within Christian world not achieved)
• Middle Ages Latin and Greek Christianity
  increasingly separated until the Great Schism
  (1054), which formally divided Christendom into
  the Catholic west and the Orthodox east.
• 7th century Muslim rulers began a long series of
  military conquests of Christian areas

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• Early sixteenth century
• Increasing discontent with corruption and
  immorality among the clergy
• Attempts to reform the Church and society.
• The Protestant Reformation began after Martin
  Luther published his 95 theses in 1517
• Missionary zeal and colonial expansion
  Christianity spread to the Americas, Oceania,
  East Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa.

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Islam

• 1.3 billion people
• Predominant religion of the Middle East
• Half the worlds Muslims live outside the Middle
  East, in Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and
  India

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5 pillars of Islam

• There is one God and Muhammad is Gods messenger
• A Muslim must pray 5 times daily, facing the city
  of Mecca
• A Muslim gives to charity
• A Muslim fasts during Ramadan
• A Muslim makes a pilgrimage to Mecca

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http//www.flickr.com/photos/shabbir/
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Branches of Islam

• 2 branches
• Sunni (83 of Muslims)
• Shiite (Shia) (16 of Muslims)
• Most in Iran, Pakistan, and Iraq

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Origin of Islam

• As in Judaism and Christianity, Adam was the
  first man and Abraham was a descendant
• Abraham married Sarah, who did not bear children
• Abraham married Hagar and had son Ishmael
• Sarah bore Isaac and forced Abraham to banish
  Hagar and Ishmael
• Jews and Christians trace their story through
  Sarah and Isaac Muslims trace their story
  through Hagar and Ishmael
• Ishmael and Hagar wandered the Arabian desert,
  reaching Mecca

http//www.goodallartists.ca/Hagar2020Ishmael2
0d.jpg
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• Centuries later, Ishmaels descendant, Muhammad,
  became the Prophet of Islam
• Around 600, Muhammad received his first
  revelation from God through the Angel Gabriel
• The Quran is a record of Gods words, as told by
  Muhammad
• Muhammad preached and suffered persecution so he
  was commanded by God to emigrate (from Mecca to
  Madina)
• By Muhammads death in 632, Islam diffused to
  most of Saudi Arabia

http//www.iconofile.com/events/images/angel_gabri
el.jpg
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Buddhism

• 400 million adherents, mainly in China and
  Southeast Asia

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• Four noble truths of Buddhism
• All living beings must endure suffering
• Suffering is caused by a desire to live,
  suffering leads to reincarnation
• The goal of all existence is to escape from
  suffering and ultimately reach Nirvana (reached
  through mental and moral self-purification)
• Nirvana is attained through an Eightfold Path
  (rightness of belief, resolve, speech, action,
  livelihood, effort, thought, and meditation)

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3 branches of Buddhism

• Mahayana 56 of Buddhists
• Theravada 38
• Tantrayana 6
• Most Buddhists in China and Japan believe at the
  same time in an ethnic religion

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Hinduism

• 3rd largest religion, 860 million adherents
• Followers can worship in their own ways
• No central authority or single holy book

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• Many manifestations of one god
• Vishnu (70 of Hindus)
• Siva (25)
• Shaktism worship of the female consorts of
  Vishnu and Siva

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s/lord-vishnu.jpg, http//www.religion-spiritualit
y.org/images/Siva.jpg, http//www.sangeetshakti.co
m/sarasvati.jpg
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Confucianism

• Confucius (551-479 BC)
• Li an ancient Chinese tradition that means
  correct behavior

wikipedia
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• Confucianism Ethical principles for the conduct
  of daily life
• Following traditions
• Fulfilling obligations
• Treating others with sympathy and respect

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Daoism

• Lao-Zi organized Daoism (based on Confucianism,
  writings emphasized mystical and magical aspects
  of life)
• Purpose to seek Dao (the way or path)

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Daoism

• Cannot be comprehended by reason
• Avoidance of activity in order to live in harmony
• Legal? Communists took over China in 1949 and
  Daoism was banned, practiced secretly, but legal
  in Taiwan

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Holy Places for universalizing religions

• Lumbini in Nepal, birthplace of Buddha
• Holiest place for Sikhism a temple called Darbar
  Sahib (built in 7th century)

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• Mecca birthplace of Muhammad, contains holiest
  objects of Islam (ex. Al Ka Ba cube)

http//www.2mfm.org/pictures/data/media/3/Al-Ka5E
ba-004.jpg
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Calendar

• Ethnic and universalizing religions have
  different approaches to making calendars
• Ethnic religions celebrate the seasons, often
  based on agricultural events
• Universalizing based on events in founders life
  (Christianity Christmas)
• Different branches of same religion can have
  different calendars (Roman Catholics use
  Gregorian calendar, E. Orthodox Julian calendar)

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Disposing of the Dead

• Burial Christians, Muslims, and Jews use a
  cemetery (ancient Rome, catacombs)
• Catacombs, then church yards, then public
  cemeteries
• Feet toward Jerusalem (to meet Christ)
• Cemeteries used as parks in Muslim countries
• China pressure on agricultural lands (burying
  discontinued, cremation encouraged)

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• Cremation Hindus (funeral pyre), burying for
  children and people with diseases
• Cremation helps to cleanse and free the spirit
• Letting the body be exposed to the air and
  animals
• Micronesia disposal of bodies at sea (safeguard
  against contamination)

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Hierarchical religions

• Well-defined geographic structure, organizes
  territories into administrative units (ex. Roman
  Catholicism)
• Roman Catholicism Pope Archbishop (Diocese)
  Bishops
• Mormon wards, several wards make a stake,
  highest is board and president (the heads redraw
  boundaries)

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Conflict in Ireland

• Ireland became independent in 1937 and became a
  republic in 1949 (92 Roman Catholic)
• The northern tip is 58 Protestant

http//www.lonelyplanet.com/mapshells/europe/irela
nd/ireland.htm
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Ireland

• Roman Catholics wanted their own Republic
  Protestants wanted to merge with the UK
• Roman Catholics in northern tip discriminated
  against and killed
• IRA (Irish Republican Army Roman Catholic) vs.
  UDF (Ulster Defense Force Protestant)
• Peace agreement in 1999 didnt work
• 3,000 people have been killed since 1968

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Religion Part 2

• Diffusion of religions
• Places of worship
• Religious conflict

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I. Diffusion of religions

• The 3 main universalizing religions
  (Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism) diffused from
  specific hearths (book pg 192)
• Ethnic religions remain clustered in one location
• The hearths of the 3 religions are all in Asia

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Diffusion of Christianity

• Relocation (diffusion through migration)
• Missionaries people who help to transmit a
  universalizing religion through relocation
  diffusion
• Expansion (snowball effect)
• Contagious diffusion
• In ancient Rome, daily contact between believers
  in town and nonbelievers in the countryside
  (pagans)
• Hierarchical diffusion
• Spread of Christianity throughout the Roman
  Empire in the 4th century (Constantine)

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Diffusion of Christianity

• Since 1500
• Migration and missionary activity
• Conversion of indigenous populations, and
  intermarriage
• Colonization
• Latin America Spanish and Portuguese
• Canada and the US Protestant English
• Immigration
• US and Canada Roman Catholic immigrants
• New England and Midwest immigrants from Ireland,
  Italy, E. Europe (late 19th and early 20th
  centuries)
• US southwest immigrants from Mexico and Latin
  America
• Mormons migration to Utah under leadership of
  Brigham Young

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Diffusion of Islam

• Muhammads successors organized followers into
  armies
• Extended control over Africa, Asia, and Europe
• Conquered Palestine, the Persian Empire, and much
  of India
• Relocation diffusion of missionaries to
  sub-Saharan Africa and SE Asia
• Arab traders brought Islam to Indonesia in the
  13th century

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Diffusion of Buddhism

• Did not diffuse rapidly from hearth in NE India
• Most responsible for spread of Buddhism was
  Asoka, emperor of the Magadhan Empire around 250
  BC

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Diffusion of Buddhism

• Missionaries to neighboring areas (the island of
  Sri Lanka, Kashmir, the Himalayas, Myanmar, and
  around India)
• 1st century AD merchants brought Buddhism to
  China
• 4th century from China to Korea
• 6th century Korea to Japan

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Diffusion (or lack of diffusion) of Ethnic
Religions

• Most ethnic religions have limited, if any,
  diffusion
• Judaism has diffused dramatically
• Practiced in many countries, not just its place
  of origin
• Only since 1948 has a significant percentage of
  the worlds Jews lived in their homeland
• AD 70 Roman-induced diaspora (dispersion)
• Jews went to Europe, North Africa, and Asia
• Jews adapted to new cultures, but retained their
  religious practices
• Jews were often persecuted, forced to live in
  ghettos (neighborhoods set up to be inhabited
  only by Jews)
• 1930s and WWII Nazis exterminated millions of
  European Jews
• Many survivors migrated to Israel
• Today less than 15 of Jews live in Europe (a
  century ago, most lived in Europe)

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II. Places of worship

• Physical anchors of religion
• All major religions have structures
• Examples church, basilica, mosque, temple,
  pagoda, and synagogue

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Christian churches

• Church a gathering of believers, and the
  building where the gathering occurs
• The church is important because it is an
  expression of religious principles, an
  environment in the image of God
• Number and size
• High density of churches in the Christian
  landscape (attendance considered extremely
  important)
• The church was often the largest and tallest
  building and was placed in the central town
  square
• Expense Christians have contributed much wealth
  to the building and maintenance of churches

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Christian church architecture

• Early churches modeled after Roman buildings for
  public assemblies, called basilicas
• Rectangular building with two rows of columns
  that form a central nave (hall) and two side
  aisles
• At one end is the apse, in front of which is the
  altar (the altar facilitates the reenactment of
  Christs sacrifice)
• Gothic period (1100s-1300s) floor plan in the
  form of a cross

http//www.usi.edu/artdept/artinindiana/Glossary/i
mages/BASILICA.jpg
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• Since there are many denominations, no single
  style has dominated (churches reflect the values
  of the denomination and the architecture of the
  area)
• Eastern Orthodox architecture of the Byzantine
  Empire, highly ornate, with domes

http//content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thum
b/a/aa/350px-St_Basils_Cathedral-500px.jpg
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• Protestantism in North America simple, little
  ornamentation (austerity)
• Available building materials
• US wood in the NE, brick in the SE, and adobe in
  the SW
• Latin America stucco and stone

http//www.hanford.gov/doe/history/photos/7343-NEG
.JPG
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Muslim mosques

• The mosque is a space for community assembly, not
  viewed as a sanctified place
• Organized around a central courtyard, often open
  to the air
• The pulpit is placed at the end of the courtyard,
  facing Mecca
• Surrounding the courtyard is a cloister used for
  schools and nonreligious activities
• A distinctive feature is the minaret, a tower
  where a man known as a muzzan summons people to
  worship

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http//www.coulouris.net/george-jean/Egypt2001/kha
n/Al-Azhar20mosque7-pp.JPG
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Hindu temples

• Sacred structures for worship are not as
  important in Asian universalizing and ethnic
  religions
• Religious functions often take place in the home
• Temples are built to house shrines for gods,
  rather than for people to gather
• A Hindu temple serves as a home to one or more
  gods
• Contains a small interior room where an artifact
  or image of the god rests

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http//www.laindia.us/images/mali4.jpg
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Buddhist and Shintoist pagodas

• The pagoda is prominent and attractive, elaborate
  and delicate, with tall many-sided towers
  arranged in a series of tiers, balconies, and
  slanting roofs
• Contain relics that Buddhists believe come from
  Buddhas body or clothing
• Not designed for congregational worship
• Pray may be in a temple, at a remote monastery,
  or in a home

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ttp//www.sights-and-culture.com/china/suzhou-ruig
uang-ta-pagoda-0073.jpg
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Bahai Houses of Worship

• Built in Illinois in 1953, Australia and Uganda
  in 1961, Germany in 1964, Panama in 1972, Samoa
  in 1984, India in 1986
• Others planned in Iran, Chile, and Israel
• First one built in Russia in 1908 (no longer
  existing)
• Dispersed to different continents to show that
  Bahai is a universalizing religion
• Services include reciting the scriptures of
  various religions

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Wilmette, Illinois http//online.asla.org/scriptco
ntent/Custom/special_project/Clip20Bahai20Aerial
.jpg
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Religious conflict

• The 20th century, a century of global conflict
• Contributing to religious conflict has been a
  resurgence of religious fundamentalism (strict
  and intense adherence to basic principles of a
  religion
• Conflict between religion and government
• Conflict between religions

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Conflict between religion and government

• Taliban versus western values
• The Taliban gained power in Afghanistan in 1996
• They have run Islamic schools, mosques, shrines,
  and other religious services since the 7th
  century AD
• They imposed very strict laws inspired by Islamic
  values
• The Taliban was criticized for misinterpreting
  the Quran
• They banned Western, non-Islamic leisure
  activities
• They destroyed Ancient Buddhist statues
• In 2001, a US-led coalition overthrew the Taliban
  and replaced it with a democratic government, but
  the Taliban has regrouped and resumed its fight

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Conflict between religion and government

• Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Islam versus
  the Soviet Union
• In 1721, Czar Peter the Great made the Russian
  Orthodox Church part of the Russian government
• Following the 1917 Bolshevik revolution, the
  Communist government of the Soviet Union pursued
  antireligious programs
• Marxism became the official doctrine of the
  Soviet Union, weakening organized religion
• All church buildings and property were
  nationalized and could only be used with
  government permission
• Late 20th century end of Communist rule,
  religious revival in Eastern Europe, property
  confiscated by Communist governments reverted to
  church ownership

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Conflict between religions

• Palestine occupied by Jews, then Roman
  Christians, then Muslims in the 7th century
• Crusades between Christians and Muslims
• 7th century Arabs conquered the Middle East and
  converted people from Christianity to Islam
• Conquered most of the Iberian Peninsula, and
  moved into France, but they were finally stopped
  by Christians
• The Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople (E.
  Orthodox Christianitys most important city)
• To win back the Holy Land, the Christians
  launched the Crusades, over a 150-year period

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Conflict between religions

• Religious wars in Ireland
• The Republic of Ireland, 5/6 of the island, is
  92 Roman Catholic
• The islands northern 1/6, part of the UK, is
  about 58 Protestant and 42 Roman Catholic
• Roman Catholics in Northern Ireland have been
  victimized
• Demonstrations by Catholics began in 1968, and
  thousands have been killed
• Roman Catholics Irish Republican Army (IRA),
  dedicted to achieving Irish national unity
• Protestants Ulster Defense Force (UDF)
• Many people are willing to live peacefully, but
  extremists are not

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• Jews versus Muslims in Palestine
• The Muslim Ottoman Empire controlled Palestine
  between 1516 and 1917
• Ottoman Empire defeated in WWI, and Great Britain
  took over Palestine
• The British allowed some Jews to return to
  Palestine
• After WWII, violence between Jews and Muslims
  increased, and Britain withdrew in 1948
• The UN partitioned Palestine into two independent
  states, one Jewish and one Muslim (Jerusalem was
  to be in international city, run by the UN)

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• Jews declared an independent state of Israel, so
  the neighboring Arab Muslims declared war
• They signed an agreement in 1949 that divided
  control of Jerusalem
• The Old City became part of the Muslim country of
  Jordan
• The newer part became part of Israel
• Israel won 3 more wars in the 1950s, 60s, and 70s
• Israel captured the West Bank
• They gained control of the whole city of
  Jerusalem
• They gained control of Gaza Strip and Sinai
  Peninsula (later returned to Egypt)
• The status of other territories occupied by
  Israel still has not been settled

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Violence in Northern Ireland http//www.youtube.c
om/watch?vGDiMI6pqB08 (New Slang) http//www.you
tube.com/watch?vWMJ0t-DyA84moderelatedsearch
(murals) http//www.youtube.com/watch?vhakHcoxR2
csmoderelatedsearch (riots) http//www.youtub
e.com/watch?vDfuo_BioPi8moderelatedsearch
(Oppose Censorship) http//www.youtube.com/watc
h?vedKf1rXYiZw (Cranberries background) http//w
ww.youtube.com/watch?vlyp5we2ySDo (Cranberries
Zombie) http//www.youtube.com/watch?vQPrTl2_qX
Xs (Oppose Censorship 2)
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• Sunday Bloody Sunday one of U2's most
  overtly-political songs, its lyrics describe the
  horror felt by an observer of The Troubles in
  Northern Ireland.
• Together, Lennon and Ono lament police brutality
  in, "Attica State", the hardships of war-torn
  Northern Ireland in, "Sunday Bloody Sunday" and
  "The Luck Of The Irish" and pay tribute to Angela
  Davis with, "Angela".
• Bloody Sunday (Irish Domhnach na Fola) is the
  term used to describe an incident in Derry1,
  Northern Ireland, on 30 January 1972 in which 26
  civil rights protesters were shot by members of
  the 1st Battalion of the British Parachute
  Regiment led by Lieutenant-Colonel Derek Wilford
  and his second-in-command Captain (later General)
  Mike Jackson, who had joint responsibility for
  the operation, during a Northern Ireland Civil
  Rights Association march in the Bogside area of
  the city. Thirteen people, six of whom were
  minors, died immediately, while the death of
  another person 4½ months later has been
  attributed to the injuries he received on the
  day. The Provisional Irish Republican Army's
  (IRA) campaign against Northern Ireland being a
  part of the United Kingdom had begun in the two
  years prior to Bloody Sunday, but perceptions of
  the day boosted the status of and recruitment
  into the organisation.6 Bloody Sunday remains
  among the most significant events in the recent
  troubles of Northern Ireland, arguably because it
  was carried out by the army and not
  paramilitaries, and in full public and press
  view.7
• "Zombie" is a protest song by the Irish band The
  Cranberries from the 1994 album No Need to Argue.
  It is about the conflicts in Northern Ireland
  known as "The Troubles", with references to the
  Easter Rising of 1916. It was written during the
  Cranberries' English Tour in 1993, in memory of
  two boys, Jonathan Ball and Tim Parry, who were
  killed in an IRA bombing in Warrington, Cheshire
  (North-West England) on 20 March 1993.