From the Republican Revolution to the Communist Takeover

1
From the Republican Revolution to the Communist
Takeover

• 1911-1949

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Part I The Republican Revolution

• 1911-1916

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Emperor Guangxu Attempts Reforms in 1898

• Remember the Hundred Days Reform?...
• Kang Youwei Liang Qichao helped
• But it FAILED!

4
Yet the Revolutionary Spirit Continues

• Kang and Liang fled to Japan
• Recognized the backwardness of China

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A People Made New

• What is beneficial to the group is good what is
  detrimental to the interests of the group is bad.
  This principle applies to all places and to all
  ages. Search for public morality and there will
  appear a new morality. There will appear a
  people made new.
• Liang Qichao
• 1905

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Liang Qichao

• The term people made new does not mean that
  our people must give up entirely what is old in
  order to follow othersimprove what is original
  in the peopleadopt what is originally lacking in
  the people.
• If we wish to make our nation strong, we must
  investigate extensively the methods followed by
  other nations in becoming independent.

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Dr. Sun Yat-SenFather of the Revolution

• Spent time abroad
• Christian
• 1905 Revolutionary Alliance
• (aka United League)

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Nationalism, Democracy, and Livelihood

• Because we are unwilling to let a small number
  of Manchus enjoy all the privileges, we want a
  nationalist revolution. Because we do not want
  one man, the monarch, to enjoy all the
  privileges, we want a political revolution. And
  because we do not want a small number of rich
  people to enjoy all the privileges, we want a
  social revolution.
• Dr. Sun Yat-Sen
• 1906

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Wuchang Uprising Double Tenth 1911

• An accident!!??

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In 1912, A Deal Is Made

• Yuan Shikai is named President of the Republic
• Emperor Pu Yi abdicates

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Remember Napoleon?

• Yuan Shikai pulls the same thing...
• And declares himself emperor in 1916!

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Part II The Warlord Period

• 1916-1928

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Do You Recall the Age of Division?...

• After Yuan Shikais death in 1916, China becomes
  disunited once again...
• Leading to the tumultuous Warlord Period

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Political Parties Struggle for Power

• Nationalists (Kuomintang-KMT)
• vs.
• Communists (CCP)

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Nationalists (KMT)1912

• Formed by Sun Yat-Sen Song Jiaoren
• Chiang Kai-Shek joins in 1923

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Communists (CCP)1921

• Marxists study groups established in 1919
• Mao Tse-Tung

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The KMT and CCP Attempt to be Friends

• Northern Expedition (1926)
• It FAILED!

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Nationalists Take Over

• By 1928, the KMT takes control of China...
• But life isnt easy for the KMT...

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Part III The Nationalist Period

• 1928-1937

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Problem 1 The Japanese
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1932 Manchukuo

• Appoint Pu Yi as Emperor
• Bombing of Shanghai
• Launch full scale attack in 1937

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Problem 2 The CCP
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1927-28 Nationalist Purges
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1934 The Long March

• 80,000 CCP members march 6,000 miles from
  Fujian/Jiangxi to Shaanxi
• Roughly 8,000 make it all the way

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Other Problems

• Poor were taxed the same as the rich
• Emphasis on military

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Did Anything Good Happen?...

• Ended most of the warlord chaos
• Building of a national rail system
• Established relationship w/ the West

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Part IV Japanese Occupation

• 1937-1945

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1937 Rape of Nanking

• Tens of thousands of civilians and soldiers died
• Thousands of women raped

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Part V Chinese Civil War

• 1945-1949

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Now that the wars over

• Japanese occupation ends
• Discontent with KMT resurfaces
• Chiang Kai-Shek flees to Taiwan and sets up
  Republic of China

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October 1, 1949 Mao Declares the Peoples
Republic of China