Cold War

1
Cold War
2
Albert Einstein
3

• German born American immigrant
• Famous physicist and teacher
• Convinced Franklin D. Roosevelt to create the
  Manhattan Project
• Famous for this theory of relativity (Emc²)
• Taught at Princeton University

4
Harry S. Truman
5

• President from 1945 (when president Franklin D.
  Roosevelt died) to 1952
• Democrat
• Made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on
  Japan to end World War II
• Led the United States into the Cold War after
  unsuccessful meeting with Joseph Stalin, the
  leader of the Soviet Union, at Potsdam
• Introduced the Cold War foreign policies of
  containment and the Truman Doctrine
• Committed U.S. troops to the Korean War
• First President to send U.S. aid into the
  situation that would become the Vietnam War
• Domestic agenda known as the Fair Deal
• Won famously close election against Thomas Dewey
  in 1948
• Promoted civil rights, although Congress was
  unreceptive
• Desegregated the Armed Forces
• Well known for candor that made him unpopular
  during his time but endeared him to historians

6
Truman Doctrine
7

• Cold War foreign policy that decreed the United
  States would provide economic and military aid to
  any nation attempting to fight against communism
• President Harry S. Truman first exercised this
  principle by asking Congress for 500 million to
  send to Greece and Turkey in 1947, when Greece
  was fighting a civil war, one side of which
  sought to establish a communist government

8
Fair Deal
9

• Domestic agenda of Harry S.Truman
• Largely an attempt to continue New Deal policies
  in the year after World War II

10
Potsdam
11

• Site of meeting between Allied leaders Winston
  Churchill, Joseph Stalin, and Harry S. Truman
  (who had recently become president when Franklin
  D. Roosevelt died) just before the end of World
  War II
• Truman alienated Stalin, contributing to the
  tension that led to the onset of the Cold War

12
Manhattan Project
13

• The secret program to develop an atomic bomb
  during World War II
• Worked in New Mexico
• Staffed by a number of famous scientists,
  including Robert J. Oppenheimer and Albert
  Einstein
• Resulted in the creation of the atomic bomb, as
  used by the United States against Japan to end
  World War II

14
Atomic Bomb
15

• A weapon of mass destruction created by splitting
  atoms
• Used by the United States against Japan to end
  World War II
• Developed by the secret Manhattan Project

16
United Nations
17

• International organization founded at the end of
  World War II to help arbitrate international
  disagreements before they led to wars agreed
  upon by Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, and
  Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Yalta conference
• First met in San Francisco in 1945
• Eleanor Roosevelt served as first U.S.
  representative to this organization

18
Marshall Plan
19

• Massive program of American aid to help European
  nations rebuild after World War II
• Undertaken during the presidency of Harry S.
  Truman
• Helped solidify western European opposition to
  the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact

20
Soviet Union
21

• Communist nation that rose to be a world
  superpower during the Cold War
• Had been American ally in World War II but
  quickly became rival once the war ended
• Formed protective alliances, including COMECON
  and the Warsaw Pact
• Included Russia and 15 republics in Eastern
  Europe and Northern Asia

22
Berlin Airlift
23

• American and British joint effort to supply
  residents of West Berlin with food and other
  necessities after the Soviet Union blockaded the
  small, free enclave in the middle of East
  Germany.
• Made Berlin an international symbol of freedom

24
Taft-Hartley Act
25

• Strongly anti-labor union legislation that the
  Republican controlled Congress pushed through in
  1947
• Repealed large sections of the Wagner Act vetoed
  by Harry S. Truman, who had not been particularly
  kind to organized labor but said that this bill
  was too harsh
• Congress overrode Trumans veto
• Helped to build Trumans campaign to unexpectedly
  win reelection in 1948

26
Berlin Wall
27

• Constructed by the Soviet Union in 1961 to keep
  East Germans from leaving the country by entering
  the democratic West Berlin
• Site of John F. Kennedys famous visit in 1963
• Destroyed in 1989 when East and West Germany
  re-unified as the Eastern European Bloc of Soviet
  satellites began to fall apart

28
Dwight D. Eisenhower
29

• President of the United States from 1952 1960
• Was a general in World War II
• Led Allied forces on D-Day
• Republican
• Intensified the Cold War
• Minimal Domestic policy
• Oversaw the creation of the interstate highway
  system
• Warned of the military industrial complex

30
Cold War

31

• The extended tensions between the United States
  and its allies (NATO) and the Soviet Union and
  its allies (Warsaw Pact)
• Began at the end of World War II
• Major events include the Berlin airlift, the
  Korean War, the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Cuban
  missile crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall,
  and the Vietnam War
• Major American foreign policy ideas relating to
  the Cold War include containment, brinkmanship,
  deterrence, the domino theory, and détente
• Ended during George Bushs presidency when first
  the Warsaw Pact and then the Soviet Union
  dissolved

32
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
33

• Cold War alliance formed in 1949 by the United
  States and western European nations for mutual
  defense against the Soviet Union and its
  communist satellite states (which later organized
  the Warsaw Pact)

34
Warsaw Pact
35

• Military Pact between the Soviet Union and its
  communist satellite states to serve as a
  counterbalance to NATO
• Formed in 1955

36
Korean War
37

• Conflict early in the Cold War in which the
  United States lead a United Nations force aiding
  South Korea in a civil war against communist
  North Korea
• War ended in a stalemate, as North and South
  Korea agreed to settle to the borders they had
  before the Korean War
• Division of Korea into north and south has been
  caused by Soviet and American occupation during
  World War II

38
Deterrence
39

• American Cold War policy pioneered Dwight D.
  Eisenhower.
• Posited that the threat of massive
  retaliation- Eisenhowers term for an American
  nuclear attack- would prevent the Soviet Union
  from undertaking policies it knew would upset the
  United States.
• Operated as a justification for an increase in
  the American supply or armaments, particularly
  nuclear weapons.

40
McCarthyism
41

• Nickname for the national witch-hunt for
  communists that took place during the height of
  the Cold War, in the early 1950s
• Nickname comes from the leadership in this effort
  by Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy
• Came to an end when McCarthy took on the U.S.
  Army, which was too powerful for his intimidation
  tactics
• McCarthy was censured by the Senate in 1954 for
  his conduct

42
John F. Kennedy
43

• President from 1960-1963, when he was
  assassinated
• Won an extremely close election over Richard M.
  Nixon in 1960
• Youngest president ever elected
• Only Catholic president ever
• Domestic agenda was called the New Frontier and
  was largely uneventful
• Oversaw the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Cuban
  missile crisis, United States response to the
  construction of the Berlin Wall, and the early
  escalation of American involvement in the Vietnam
  War
• Lyndon B. Johnson pushed civil rights legislation
  through Congress, in part by evoking Kennedys
  memory.

44
New Frontier
45

• Domestic agenda of John F. Kennedy most of
  Kennedys proposals failed to make it through
  Congress

46
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA)
47

• Government agency which coordinates American
  exploration of outer space
• Founded by Dwight D. Eisenhower when he was
  president
• Greatest moment was when Apollo 11 mission (1969)
  landed men on the moon, meeting John F. Kennedys
  challenge to beat the Soviets to the moon before
  the end of the 1960s

48
Bay of Pigs invasion
49

• Ill fated 1961 secret mission to overthrow the
  communist Cuban government of Fidel Castro
• Authorized by John F. Kennedy just after his
  inauguration
• Failed mission both angered the governments of
  Cuba and the Soviet Union and embarrassed America
  in eyes of U.S. allies

50
Cuban Missile Crisis
51

• 1962 Cold War event triggered when American
  intelligence discovered missiles belonging to the
  Soviet Union in Cuba and John F. Kennedy went on
  national television demanding the removal of the
  missiles
• Prime example of brinksmanship
• Closest the United States and the Soviet Union
  ever came to beginning a war
• Ended when Soviets agreed to remove missiles in
  return for U.S. agreement not to invade Cuba
  again (after the Bay of Pigs invasion) and secret
  deal to remove American missiles from Turkey

52
Brinksmanship
53

• American Cold War strategy by which conflicts
  with the Soviet Union were allowed to build to
  the verge of war without any negotiation
• Pioneered by Dwight D. Eisenhowers
  administration
• Exemplified by the Cuban Missile Crisis

54
Containment
55

• Strategic foundation of the American approach to
  the cold war
• Held that the united states must work to stop the
  spread of communism anywhere that it sought to
  expand
• Contributed to the Truman doctrine, the Korean
  war, the Berlin airlift, the Cuban missile
  crisis, and the Vietnam war, among other events.

56
Vietnam War
57

• Cold War conflict between communist North Vietnam
  and nationalist South Vietnam, supported by the
  United States
• American advisors were aiding the South
  Vietnamese from the presidency of Harry S. Truman
  to the presidency of John F. Kennedy, when
  American military presence in Vietnam expanded
• War ended in 1973, when Richard Nixon agreed to
  remove American troops, an action that followed
  by North Vietnamese takeover of South Vietnam
• The war was escalated most strongly by Lyndon B.
  Johnson and then by Nixon, who began secret
  bombings and invasions of Cambodia
• Extremely controversial in the United States,
  leading to massive youth protests, the expansion
  of the counterculture, and disarray in the
  Democratic party, which was nationally televised
  at the Democratic convention of 1968

58
Domino theory
59

• Another American Cold War concept from Dwight D.
  Eisenhowers administration.
• Theory that United States must enforce
  containment in third world countries, because
  once one nation fell to communism, its neighbors
  would likely follow, just like falling dominoes.

60
Lyndon B. Johnson
61

• President from 1963 (after the assassination of
  John F. Kennedy) to 1968
• Escalated the Vietnam War
• Domestically presided over the implementation of
  Great Society legislation
• Pushed civil rights legislation (Civil Rights Act
  of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965) through
  Congress
• Had been U.S. senator from Texas before coming
  vice president
• Chose not to run for reelection in 1968 because
  of controversy over the Vietnam War

62
Great Society
63

• Domestic agenda of Lyndon B. Johnson
• Created the broadest array of government-funded
  social programs since the New deal
• Worked to alleviate economic injustice
• Often called the war on poverty
• Included first major successful civil rights
  legislation

64
Counterculture
65

• Name for the youth movement in the 1960s that
  was in opposition to the general principles of
  the prevailing culture
• Included movements dedicated to liberal politics,
  feminism, civil rights, and communal living, in
  addition to brad agreement about opposition to
  the Vietnam War
• Played major role in the popularity of political
  rock-n-roll, including Bob Dylan, the Beatles,
  and others

66
Richard M. Nixon
67

• President from 1968-1874
• Republican
• Served as vice president under Dwight D.
  Eisenhower, but lost the 1960 presidential
  election
• Ran successfully for governor of California in
  1962
• Made remarkable political comeback in 1968
• Originated foreign policy of detenté
• First U.S. president to recognize and visit
  communist China
• Resigned in disgrace after the Watergate scandal
  enveloped his presidency

68
Détente
69

• American Cold War policy pioneered by Richard
  Nixon
• Policy held that working with Cold War enemies to
  expand trade and create treaties would make war
  less likely
• Resulted in first American arms treaties with the
  Soviet Union and American recognition of the
  communist government of China for the first time

70
Watergate
71

• Scandal that forced Richard Nixon to resign from
  the presidency
• Began when burglars, acting on instruction from
  the White House, broke into the Democratic party
  campaign headquarters in the Watergate Hotel
  before the 1972 election
• Burglars were caught, and the scandal grew out of
  the White House effort to cover up what had
  happened
• When Nixon resigned on April 9, 1974, Gerald Ford
  became president

72
Energy crisis
73

• mid-1970 crisis created when middle Eastern
  oil-production nations (Working together in a
  group called OPEC) first raised the price of oil
  considerably and then refused to export oil to
  nations that supported Israel
• Set off massive inflation in the United States

74
Ronald Reagan
75

• President from 1980-1988
• Republican
• Had been a movie actor and then governor of
  California
• Extremely popular
• Advocated massive arms build up in the Cold War
• Slashed taxes to fit his theory of supply-side
  (trickle-down) economics
• Severely cut government spending in all areas but
  military expansion
• Instituted deficit spending
• Second term as president was marred by Iran
  Contra scandal

76
George Bush
77

• President from 1988-1992
• Republican served as vice president under Ronald
  Reagan
• Domestic agenda was largely consumed with trying
  to fix problems caused by the deficits of the
  Reagan years
• Foreign policy was crowned by leadership of the
  United Nations coalition that won the Persian
  Gulf War
• Was president when the Cold War ended with the
  fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the collapse
  of the Soviet Union in 1991

78
Persian Gulf War
79

• Fought in 1990 and 1991
• Began when Iraq invaded Kuwait, a small nation
  that exports a large volume of oil
• President Gorge Bush organized a coalition
  through the UNITED NATIONS that sent an
  international force to expel Iraqi troops from
  Kuwait
• The U.N force was victorious in only 42 days

80
War of Resolution
81

• Attempts to restore the balance of powers
  outlined by the Constitution after the assumption
  of presidential ( or executive ) power during
  the Korean War and the Vietnam War
• Passed in 1973
• Requires the president to seek congressional
  approval within 60 days of the deployment of
  American troops

82

• What was the guiding principle of the American
  foreign policy throughout the Cold War where
  nations should not roll back communism but keep
  it from spreading and resist communist aggression
  in other nations?
• Truman Doctrine
• Fair Deal
• Marshall Plan
• Monroe Doctrine

83

• What was formed near the end of World War II to
  create a body for the nations of the world to try
  to prevent future global wars?
• NATO
• United Nations
• OPEC
• Truman Doctrine

84

• What was the result of the Korean War?
• North and South Korea became one under a
  democratic government.
• North and South Korea became one under a
  communist government.
• North Korea and South Korea stayed divided at the
  17th parallel with North Korea under a communist
  government and South Korea free of communist
  occupation.
• North Korea and South Korea stayed divided at the
  38th parallel with North Korea under a communist
  government and South Korea free of communist
  occupation.

85

• Who played on Americans fear of communism by
  recklessly accusing many American governmental
  officials and citizens of being communists with
  flimsy or no evidence?
• Joseph McCarthy
• Douglas MacArthur
• Robert McNamara
• Earl Warren

86

• What agreement was made between the Soviet Union
  and its satellite nations in Western Europe?
• Berlin Wall
• Yalta Agreement
• Great Society
• Warsaw Pact

87

• Who was NOT convicted of spying for the Soviet
  Union or giving them our plans for nuclear
  weapons?
• Ethel Rosenberg
• Alger Hiss
• Julius Rosenberg
• Joseph McCarthy

88

• What type of government was created in West
  Germany when it resumed self-government after
  Allied occupation?
• Communism
• democracy
• Oligarchy
• Monarchy

89

• Who was president when the U.S. adopted the
  policy of massive retaliation?
• President Nixon
• President Truman
• President Eisenhower
• President Kennedy

90

• What nation was aiding Cuba with tanks, jets, 
  and missiles?
• USSR
• Vietnam   
• Korea
• China

91

• The domino theory was a foreign policy that
  proposed which of the following arguments?
• If a communist revolution were to succeed in one
  Asian country, then other nearby nations would
  also turn to communism.
• Foreign policy in Asia was a game.
• If the United States colonized one Asian country,
  then the Asian trade market would open
  dramatically.
• If one Asian country were to become a democracy,
  then other nearby nations would also become
  democracies.

92

• Who said, "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall" as
  well as increased America's  military and
  economic pressure on the Soviet Union?
• Ronald Reagan
• Gerald Ford
• Jimmy Carter
• George Bush

93

• Which is NOT a true about how the threat of  a
  nuclear war affected Americans?
• Schools practiced drills to train children about
  what to do in case of a nuclear attack.
• American citizens built bomb shelters in their
  basements, back yards, or communities.
• Americans immigrated to Canada and other
  countries not in disagreements with the USSR.
• Americans bought dog tags, radiation protection
  clothing, and other items claiming they would
  offer protection during a nuclear attack.

94

• The CIA created a plan to help Cuban exiles
  invade and overthrow Castro.  Where did the
  invasion occur in Cuba?
• Hanoi
• Bay of Pigs
• Guantanamo
• Havana

95

• What was formed as a defensive alliance among the
  United States and western European countries to
  prevent a Soviet invasion of Western Europe?
• UN
• Anti-Communism League
• NATO
• OPEC

96

• Who said, "the US would pay any price, bear any
  burden, meet any hardship, support any friend,
  oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival
  and the success of liberty?"
• John F. Kennedy
• Joseph McCarthy
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Richard Nixon

97

• At the start of the Korean War, who invaded whom?
  
• North Korea invaded South Korea
• South Korea invaded North Korea
• China and North Korea invaded South Korea
• South Korea and the US invaded North Korea

98

• Which of the following is the policy reflected by
  American's involvement in the Korean War?
• massive retaliation
• brinkmanship
• ouch theory
• containment

99

• Which is NOT an example of how the heavy
  expenditures throughout the Cold War benefited
  Virginia's economy?
• the Pentagon was built in Northern Virginia
• Numerous private companies received contracts
  with the military
• Richmond became the headquarters of the CIA
• several large naval and air bases were built
  around the Hampton Roads area

100

• Which of the following American military
  interventions was NOT based on the Cold War
  theory of containment?
• The Berlin airlift
• The Persian Gulf War
• The Vietnam War
• The Cuban missile crisis

101

• Who led a communist revolution that took over
  Cuba in the late 1950s?
• Fulgencio Batista
• Nikita Khrushchev
• Fidel Castro
• Ho Chi Minh

102

• Which of the following Cold War events was an
  example of détente?
• The Cuban Missile Crisis
• The Korean War
• The Berlin airlift
• Nixon's visit to China

103

• Following its defeat, Japan was occupied by the
  American forces.  Which is NOT true about Japan
  during this time period?
• Japan became a strong ally of the United States.
• Japan adopted a democratic form of government.
• Japan eventually resumed self-government.
• Japan adopted communism.

104

• The fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of
  the Soviet Union marked the
• end of the Cold War
• failure of the Marshall Plan
• success of the League of Nations
• end of the Korean War

105

• What was the U.S. plan to provide massive
  financial aid to rebuild European economies and
  prevent the spread of communism?
• NATO
• Marshall Plan
• United Nations
• Truman Doctrine

106

• Which nation saw a communist takeover shortly
  after World War II?
• China
• Laos
• South Korea
• South Vietnam

107

• What does McCarthyism mean?
• making false accusations based on rumor or guilt
  by association
• never backing down even if it means war
• keep bombing until someone gives in
• keeping communism within its borders

108

• Which is NOT an internal problem of the Soviet
  Union?
• The United States could not compete with the
  USSR's military expenses.
• Rising nationalism in Soviet republics
• Gorbachev's ideas of "glasnost" and "perestroika"
  or openness and economic restructuring
• Economic efficiency

109

• What became the foreign and the domestic policy
  issues in every presidential election from the
  late 1940s through the 1960s?
• Cold War and abortion rights
• Cold War and civil rights
• Vietnam War and voting rights for all citizens
• Vietnam War and poverty

110

• The Soviet Union and the United States represent
  starkly different fundamental values.  Which of
  the following statements explains these different
  values?
• The USSR believes in  a totalitarian government
  with a communist (socialist) economic system
  while the US believes in a democratic political
  institution and a generally free market economic
  system.
• The USSR believes in a communist government while
  the US believes in a monarchy.
• The US believes in laissez-faire economics and a
  democratic government while the USSR believes in
  a free market and democratic government.
• Both the USSR and US believe in a democratic
  government but the USSR believes their rulers
  should have communist tendencies.

111

• President Kennedy was assassinated on what date?
• November 22, 1963
• September 2, 1945
• April 4, 1968
• May 17, 1954

112

• When did the Cold War end?
• at the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989
• when North and South Vietnam merged in 1975
• in 1963 with the assassination of President
  Kennedy
• in 1962 with the Cuban Missile Crisis

113

• Who said in his inaugural address, "As k not what
  your country can do for you ask what you can do
  for your country?"
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Lyndon B. Johnson
• Richard Nixon
• John F. Kennedy

114

• Which of the following best describes United
  States involvement in the Korean War?
• United States involvement was an example of the
  policy of containment.
• United States involvement was part of a détente
  policy.
• The United States did not commit military forces
  to fight in Korea.
• The United States and the Soviet Union committed
  military forces to fight as allies in Korea.

115

• Where was JFK when he was shot?
• Los Angeles, California
• Harlem, New York
• Memphis, Tennessee
• Dallas, Texas

116

• What country's forces came to the aid of North
  Korea when the United States and South Korean
  military pushed into North Korea?
• China
• Cuba
• USSR
• North Vietnam

117

• When did the Cold War begin?
• at the start of the Korean War
• at the start of World War II
• at the end of World War II
• at the end of the World War I

118

• What portion of Germany did the Soviet Union gain
  control of?
• Western
• southern
• Northern
• Eastern

119

• All of the following were Cold War responses to
  Soviet aggression EXCEPT
• The Berlin airlift
• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• The Truman Doctrine
• President Truman's decision to drop the atomic
  bomb

120

• The War Powers Resolution of 1973 was a response
  to concerns over
• congressional abuse of authority in deployment of
  US military forces
• an imbalance of powers in deployment of US
  military forces
• Supreme Court interference in the deployment of
  US military forces
• under use of  military forces

121

• The US and USSR come closest to the brink of a
  nuclear war due to the events at what site?
• Hungary
• Berlin
• Cuba
• Vietnam   

122

• Who was the politician who led a congressional
  hearing into communist infiltration o f the
  American government and society?
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Richard Nixon
• Henry Cabot Lodge
• Joseph McCarthy

123

• What type of relationship did the communist
  nations of the Soviet Union and China have in the
  1970s?
• They were allied until the fall of the Berlin
  Wall.
• They were strong allies.
• They were under one government.
• They were rivals for territory and diplomatic
  influence.

124

• The 1950s domestic hysteria over the infiltration
  of communists into American government and
  society is known as
• the Red Scare
• McCarthyism
• the domino theory
• the Salem Witch Trials

125

• Which of the following was primarily
  characterized by tension between the Soviet Union
  and the United States?
• The McCarthy hearings
• The Crimean War
• Japanese internment
• the Cold War

126

• The Bay of Pigs invasion, authorized by President
  John F. Kennedy, was an attempt to unseat which
  of the following communist leaders?
• Kim Il Sung
• Ho Chi Minh
• Mao Tse-tung
• Fidel Castro

127

• The economic theory implemented by President
  Ronald Reagan is known as
• the domino theory
• trust-busting
• trickle-down economics
• isolationism

128

• What was the agreement ending the Cuban missile
  crisis?
• The USSR would remove their missiles from Cuba
  and the US would remove their troops from
  Florida.
• The US and USSR both agree to destroy all their
  nuclear weapons.
• The US would allow Soviet ships past the 500 mile
  barrier around Cuba and the USSR would apologize
  for pointing nuclear missiles at US cities.
• The US would not invade Cuba and the USSR would
  remove their  missiles from Cuba.

129

• Compared to public support for US involvement in
  the Korean War, public support of the US military
  intervention in southeast Asia during the 1960s
  and early 1970s is best described as
• more controversial
• a little bit stronger
• much stronger
• about the same

130

• How did the Cold War affect American life?
• Americans lived with a fear of communism and
  threat of nuclear war.
• Americans felt that nuclear war would never occur
  and went on living a good life.
• Americans banded together and believed that no
  matter the cost we should aid all countries in
  fighting communism.
• Americans feared that World War III would occur
  with our opponent, Germany.

131

• Anti-Communist fear found a responsive
  environment in the US after WWII partly because
  of
• the loss of China to communism.
• the United States' dropping the atomic bomb on
  Japan.
• The depressed economy in the United States after
  the war.
• the Soviet Union's testing of an atomic weapon.

132

• At the end of World War II, what nation occupied
  most of Eastern and Central Europe?
• Germany
• United States
• Soviet Union
• Japan

133

• President Nixon practiced détente, policy aimed
  at easing Cold War tensions, by visiting which
  communist nation?
• Vietnam
• Cuba
• China
• USSR

134

• Who was the last leader of the Soviet Union?
• Nikita Khrushchev
• Joseph Stalin
• Mikhail Gorbachev
• Vladimir Lenin

135

• What does perestroika mean?
• giving government grants to education
• reforming Soviet society
• reforming the military to make it stronger
• restructuring communist societies

136

• What does glasnost mean?
• reforming society thru federal aid
• helping aid other  communist countries
• ignoring social issues of civilians
• openness in discussing social issues

137

• In what country did the military kill hundreds of
  college students protesting for freedom?
• China
• Vietnam
• Germany
• USSR

138

• What was the purpose of the START II Treaty?
• The USSR and US agree to stop building nuclear
  weapons.
• The USSR and US agree to stop the space race.
• The USSR and US agree to build more nuclear
  weapons.
• The USSR and US agree to reduce the number of
  nuclear weapons.

139

• Which is NOT a problem the Soviet Union was
  facing before it collapsed?
• Military and economic pressure from the United
  States
• Rising nationalism in the republics
• Military spending was cheap so they began making
  too many weapons
• Economic inefficiency

140

• Who was president of the United States when the
  Soviet Union collapsed?
• George H.W. Bush
• Ronald Reagan
• John F. Kennedy
• Jimmy Carter

141

• What European country reunited after the USSR
  collapsed?
• Germany
• Poland
• Italy
• Hungary

142

• All of the following are examples of how the Cold
  War helped Virginia's economy EXCEPT
• building naval and air bases in Hampton Roads
• contracting private companies to do military work
• building the Pentagon in Northern Virginia
• building naval training center at Annapolis