COMBATING VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY THROUGH RED PALM OIL

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COMBATING VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY THROUGH RED PALM
OIL Kalyana Sundram Malaysian Palm Oil Council
www.mpoc.org.my
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Composition of Crude Palm Oil
Triglycerides Diglycerides Monoglycerides Free
Fatty Acids Minor Components
99
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• Minor components in Crude Palm Oil
• Carotenes (500 - 700 ppm)
• Vitamin E (600 - 1000 ppm)
• Sterols (250 - 620 ppm)
• Squalene (200 - 500 ppm)
• and others e.g. Coenzyme Q, polar lipids etc.

Phytonutrients
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DISTRIBUTION OF CAROTENES IN CARROT AND PALM OIL
Source
Carrot Crude Palm Oil ?-carotene
32 34 ?-carotene 63
60 Others 5 6 Total
lt100ppm 500 - 700
ppm concentration
Carotenes
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CAROTENES COMPOSITION () IN CPO
Composition ()
Carotenes
Phytoene Phytofluene b-Carotene Cis-b-Carotene a-C
arotene Cis-a-Carotene ?-Carotene ?-Carotene ?-Car
otene Neurosporene ?-Zeacarotene ?-Zeacarotene Lyc
opene
1.27 0.06 56.02 0.68 35.06 2.49 0.69 0.83 0.33 0.2
9 0.74 0.23 1.30
Total (ppm)
500 - 700
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Vitamin E Content in Red Palm Olein
Samples Vitamin E (ppm)
Total E Vit. E a-T a-T3
g-T3 d-T3 (ppm) Retained Crude Palm
Olein 187 208 376 98 869
100 Red Palm Olein 166 202 275
64 707 81.4 RBD Palm Oil 139
163 205 54 561 64.6
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• RED PALM OLEIN
• Rich in carotenoids
• and
• tocols

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Carotene and Vitamin E Composition
Carotene (1000 ppm)
Vitamin E (500 ppm)
30 alpha carotene 60 beta carotene 1
lycopene 9 others
70 tocotrienols 30 tocopherols
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Palm Oil is a major edible oil for household
consumption and food industry today. Several
palm fractions are available. Red Palm Oil is an
unique and innovative edible oil obtained using
state-of -art technology.
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Fatty Acid Composition
S
M
P
60
50
40

30
20
10
0
Palm Oil
Palm Olein
Red Palm Olein
Fatty acid composition identical to RBD POL, and
retains the pro-vitamin A carotenes and higher
levels of vitamin E
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RED PALM OIL MALAYSIAS GIFT TO THE CHILDREN OF
THE WORLD
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Malnutrition in children is highly prevalent in
many developing countries and risk of blindness
due to vitamin A deficiency is preventable using
a dietary approach.
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• Four alternative approaches for addressing
  micronutrient deficiencies
• 1. Nutrient supplements
• 2. Fortification of foods
• 3. Diversification of diet
• 4. Public Health measures to reduce
• infectious illness

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Potential for contribution of red palm oil

• We are ready to explore ?-carotene in foods in a
  matrix-free context, such as the purified pigment
  and that in RPO as the key to a safe and
  effective vitamin A supplement, fortificant, and
  food based solution all wrapped in one.
• N.W. Solomons (1998)
• Carotenoids supplied in oil have an advantage
  over vegetables and fruits because of their
  higher bioavalilability Although these (red)
  oils can be used as dietary supplements, they may
  not be acceptable for a cooking medium because of
  their red colour.
• Vinodini Reddy (2000)

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Getting it right regarding the bioefficacy of
carotenes

• The bioavailability and bioefficacy of provitamin
  A carotenoids. Bioavailability 1
  bioconversion 3 and bioefficacy 1 x 3

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Getting it right regarding the bioefficacy of
carotenes

• Definition of bio-efficacy
• The percentage of an oral dose of a provitamin A
  compound absorbed and converted (convertible)
  into vitamin A.
• Mathematical formula
• (100 x 0.94 ?g)/y ?g ?
• From van Lieshout (Wageningen thesis), 2001

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Getting it right regarding the bioefficacy of
carotenes

• THE EVOLUTION OF THE RETINOL EQUIVALENT
• 1 Retinol Equivalent equals
• 1 ?g of retinol
• 6 ?g of beta-carotene
• 12 ?g of other provitamin A carotenes
• (Based on FAO/WHO requirements reports 1967
  1988)

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Substitution of the Retinol Activity Equivalent
(IOM, Dietary Reference Intakes, 2001)
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The vitamin A activity of Red Palm Olein
expressed in traditional Retinol Equivalents and
in the newer Retinol Activity Equivalents
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Relative dietary vitamin A activity of red palm
oil and other sources of provitamin A carotenes
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• Supplementation
• In Honduras
• Lactating mothers receiving 15 mg of beta- and 6
  mg of alpha-carotene from palm oil on days
  1,3,5,7,9 and 10 of a carotene-exposure trial
  increased infant plasma retinol, but not infant
  plasma carotenoid. On the maternal side, neither
  milk nor plasma retinol was elevated, but gt X2
  increases occurred for plasma beta- and
  alpha-carotene and milk beta- and alpha-carotene.
• Canefield et. al.

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(Values are Supplementation Minus Baseline)
0.4
0.3
0.2
nmol/L
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
Placebo
Red PO
?-Carotene
Lutein/Zea
?-Crypto
Lycopene
?-Carotene
? -Carotene
Canefield et. al.
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Response of Milk Carotenoids to Maternal
Supplementation
(Values are Supplementation Minus Baseline)
60
50
40
30
nmol/L
20
10
0
-10
Placebo
Red P
?-Carotene
Lutein/Zea
?-Crypto
Lycopene
?-Carotene
?-Carotene
Canefield et. al.
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Placebo
200
?-Carotene Capsules
CAROTINO
150
nmol/L carotenoids/L Breast Milk
100
50
0
Total Carotenoids
Beta-Carotene
Canefield et. al.
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Placebo
20.0
?-Carotene Capsules
15.6
CAROTINO
15.0
Serum retinol increase
10.0
6.0
4.3
5.0
0.0
Infants
Canefield et. al.
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• In Tanzania
• A three-arm study provided 1. dietary education
  alone 2. dietary education plus 15 g sunflower
  oil and 3. dietary education plus 12 g RPO.
  After two months, there was a X3 increase in milk
  beta- increase and X5 increase in milk
  alpha-carotene. Fat-adjusted milk retinol fell in
  the placebo group, but were maintained equally by
  both oil-receiving groups. Infant status not
  studied.

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Plasma Retinol, a-Carotene and ß-Carotene
Retinol µmol/L
1 mo1month 3mo3month
ß-carotene
a-carotene
µmol/L
µmol/L
Lietz, G., C.J.K.Henry, et al (2001). Comparison
of the effects of supplemental red palm oil and
sunflower oil on maternal vitamin A status.
Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 74(4)501-9
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Serum Retinol In South African Primary School
Children Before And After Three Months Of
Intervention With Biscuits Fortified With
Synthetic ß-carotene Or Red Palm Oil Biscuit
mg/dl
mg/dl
mg/dl
Red palm oil biscuit effectively raised serum
retinol concentration
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THE FORTIFIED RED PALM MUFFIN, South Africa
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Some Take Home Messages
In a number of controlled intervention studies,
the use of red palm oil improve vitamin A status
in malnourished populations. Red palm oil can be
an effective nutritional, food fortification tool
to overcome vitamin A deficiency. Using a food
technology approach, it would be possible to
formulate food products that not only have
fortified palm carotenoids but could in addition
allow the co-carriage of other micro-nutrients in
the same food item. It is also a cost effective
measure.
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Thank You www.mpoc.org.my