Opening image

1
Opening image
Reproductive Systems
Homeostasis
Body systems maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis is essential for survival of cells
Cells
Cells make up body systems
2
Figure 20.1aPage 751
Vertebral column
Ureter
Rectum
Urinary bladder
Seminal vesicle
Pubic bone
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Ductus deferens
Anus
Penis
Bulbourethral gland
Urethra
Epididymis
Cords of erectile tissue
Scrotum
Glans penis
Testis
3
Figure 20.1bPage 751
Urinary bladder
Ureter
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Ejaculatory duct
Bulbourethral gland
Ductus deferens
Penis
Epididymis
Testis
Glans penis
Urethra
4
Figure 20.6aPage 759
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Seminiferous tubules
(See next slide)
Testis
5
Figure 20.6dPage 759
Lumen of seminiferous tubule
Spermatozoon
Sertoli cell
Spermatids
Secondary spermatocyte
Primary spermatocyte
Tight junction
Spermatogonium
6
Figure 20.7Page 760
Stages
Chromosomes in each cell
Spermatogonium
46 (diploid number single strands)
One daughter cell remains at the outer edge of
the seminiferous tubule to maintain the germ cell
line
One daughter cell moves toward the lumen to
produce spermatozoa
Spermatogonia
Mitotic proliferation
46 (diploid number single strands)
Primary spermatocyte
46 (diploid number doubled strands)
First meiotic division
Meiosis
Secondary spermatocyte
23 (haploid number single strands)
Second meiotic division
23 (haploid number single strands)
Spermatids
23 (haploid number doubled strands)
Spermatozoa
Packaging
7
Figure 20.8bPage 761
Acrosome
Microtubules
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Head
Midpiece
Tail
8
Figure 20.8cPage 761
Plasma membrane
Mitochondria
Acrosome
Centriole
Nucleus
9
(No Transcript)
10
Figure 20.9Page 762
Hypothalamus
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Anterior pituitary
FSH-secreting cells
LH-secreting cells
FSH
LH
Testes
Sertoli cell
Leydig cell
Spermatogenesis
Inhibin
Testosterone
11
Figure 20.11Page 767
Stimulation of mechanoreceptors in glans penis
Parasympathetic supply to bulbourethral
glands and urethral glands
Parasympathetic supply to penile arterioles
Sympathetic supply to penile arterioles
Penile arterioles dilate
Mucus
Lubrication
Erection
Compresses veins
12
Figure 20.2aPage 752
Oviduct
Ovary
Vertebral column
Fimbriae
Uterus
Cervix
Urinary bladder
Rectum
Pubic bone
Vagina
Urethra
Clitoris
Labium minora
Anus
Labium majora
13
Figure 20.2bPage 752
Ovarian vessels
Oviduct
Endometrium
Ovary
Fimbriae
Myometrium
Uterus
Cervical canal
Cervix
Vagina
14
Figure 20.2cPage 752
Clitoris
Opening of urethra
Labium minora
Hymen
Vaginal opening
Labium majora
Perineum
Anus
15
Figure 20.12Page 771
Stages
Oogonium
Chromosomes in each cell
Mitotic proliferation prior to birth
46 (diploid number single strands)
46 (diploid number doubled strands)
(Arrested in first meiotic division)
Primary oocytes
46 (diploid number doubled strands)
After puberty, one primary oocyte
reaches maturity and is ovulated about once a
month until menopause ensues
Enlarged primary oocyte
23 (diploid number doubled strands)
(First meiotic division completed just prior to
ovulation)
Secondary oocyte
23 (haploid number single strands) from ovum
plus 23 (haploid number single strands) from
sperm for diploid fertilized ovum with 46
chromosomes
First polar body
(Second meiotic division completed after
fertilization)
Meiosis
Second polar body
Mature ovum
Polar bodies degenerate
16
Fig. 20.13a (1)Page 773
Primary follicles (40 mm)
Primary oocyte
Single layer of granulosa cells
17
Fig. 20.13a (2)Page 773
Proliferation of granulosa cells
Follicular cells
Zona pellucida
Differentiation of surrounding ovarian connective
tissue into thecal cells
Primary oocyte
Developing secondary follicle
18
Fig. 20.13a (3)Page 773
Beginning of formation of antrum
Developing secondary follicle
19
Fig. 20.13a (4)Page 773
Thecal cells
Granulosa cells
Antrum
Zona pellucida
Ovum (primary oocyte)
Developing secondary follicle
20
Fig. 20.13a (5)Page 773
Ovarian surface
Antrum
Ovum (secondary oocyte)
Mature follicle (12-16 mm)
21
Figure 20.13bPage 773
Ovulated ovum (secondary oocyte)
Corona radiata
Follicular remnant
Zona pellucida
22
Fig. 20.13c (1)Page 773
Developing corpus luteum
23
Fig. 20.13c (2)Page 773
Corpus luteum
24
Figure 20.13d Page 773
Degenerating corpus luteum
25
Figure 20.13e Page 773
Mature follicle
Secondary follicle
Primary follicle
Corpus luteum
26
Fig. 20.15 (1) Page 775
Plasma concentrations of gonadotropic hormones
LH
FSH
27
Fig. 20.15 (2) Page 775
Plasma concentrations of gonadal hormones
Estrogen
Progesterone
28
Fig. 20.15 (3) Page 775
Ovary
Follicular development
Ovulation
Development of corpus luteum
Degeneration of corpus luteum
29
Fig. 20.15 (4) Page 775
Uterus (endometrial thickness)
30
Fig. 20.15 (5) Page 775
Proliferative phase
Secretory, or progestational, phase
New men- strual phase
Menstrual phase
Uterine phases
New follicular phase
Ovarian phases
Follicular phase
Ovulation
Luteal phase
31
Figure 20.16 Page 776
FSH
LH
Thecal cells
Granulosa cells
(Diffuses from thecal cells into granulosa cells)
(converted to)
(converted to)
Cholesterol
Androgen
Androgen
Estrogen
Remains in the follicle
Secreted into blood
Exerts effects throughout body
Contributes to antral formation
32
Figure 20.17 Page 777
Hypothalamus
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Anterior pituitary
FSH-secreting cells
LH-secreting cells
LH
FSH
Ovary
Follicular development
Low levels of estrogen
Inhibin
33
Figure 20.18 Page 778
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Anterior pituitary
LH-secreting cells
FSH-secreting cells
FSH
LH
Ovary
Mature follicle
(LH surge)
High levels of estrogen
Inhibin
Ovulation
34
Figure 20.19 Page 779
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Anterior pituitary
LH
Ovary
Corpus luteum
Moderate levels of estrogen
High levels of progesterone
35
Figure 20.20 Page 782
Based on data from animals. Sperm and ovum
enlarged.
36
Fig. 20.22a (1) Page 783
Nucleus of ovum undergoing second meiotic division
Corona radiata
Cytoplasm of ovum
First polar body
Zona pellucida
Spermatozoa
Plasma membrane of ovum
(See next slide)
37
Fig. 20.22a (2) Page 783
Path tunneled through barriers surrounding ovum
by acrosomal enzymes exposed on disruption of
acrosomal membrane
Enzyme-filled acrosome
Spermatozoon that has accomplished fertilization
Spermatozoon head bearing sperms nucleus
38
Fig. 20.23 Page 784
Blastocoele
Becomes amniotic sac
Blastocyst (cross section)
Spermatozoa
Morula
Ovum (cross section)
Cleavage
Inner cell mass
Destined to become fetus
Fertilization
Trophoblast
Secondary oocyte (ovum)
Accomplishes implantation and develops into fetal
portions of placenta
Ovulation
Ovary
Implantation
Endometrium of uterus
39
Fig. 20.25 (1) Page 785
Endometrium
Uterine cavity
Inner cell mass
Capillary
Cords of trophoblastic cells
Blastocoel
Trophoblast (surface layer of cells of
the blastocyst)
Surface of uterine lining
40
Fig. 20.25 (2) Page 785
Surface of uterine lining
Decidua
Inner cell mass
Cords of trophoblastic cells
41
Fig. 20.25 (3) Page 785
Surface of uterine lining
Decidua
Developing embryo
42
Fig. 20.26a (1)Page 787
8 weeks
(See next slide)
43
Fig. 20.26a (2) Page 787
12 weeks
Full term
44
Figure 20.26bPage 787
Umbilical cord
Amniotic sac
Pool of maternal blood
Placental villus
Intervillus space
Uterine decidual tissue
Maternal arteriole
Maternal venule
Fetal vessels
Chorion
Chorionic tissue
Umbilical vein
Umbilical artery
Placenta
45
Figure 20.27Page 791
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Estrogen
Progesterone
Fertilization
Delivery
46
Figure 20.28Page 791
Maternal blood
Placenta
Fetal blood
Fetal adrenal cortex
Pathway for placental synthesis of progesterone
Pathway for placental synthesis of estrogen
47
Fig. 20.29 (1)Page 793
Placenta
CRH
(into fetal circulation)
Fetal anterior pituitary
The blue arrows designate the sequence of events
leading to the onset of parturition. The green
arrows designate the positive-feedback
cycle responsible for the progression of
parturition.
ACTH
Fetal adrenal cortex
Cortisol
DHEA
Placenta
Fetal lungs
Triggers onset of parturition
Conversion of DHEA to estrogen
Pulmonary surfactant
Lung maturation in readiness for breathing air
Estrogen
Oxytocin receptors in myometrium
Gap junctions between myometrial cells
Prostaglandin production
Uterus able to contract as a coordinated unit
Cervical softening
Uterine responsiveness to low levels of oxytocin
48
Fig. 20.29 (2)Page 793
The blue arrows designate the sequence of events
leading to the onset of parturition. The green
arrows designate the positive-feedback
cycle responsible for the progression of
parturition.
Uterine contractions
Push fetus against cervix
Responsible for progression of parturition
(through neuroendocrine reflex)
Prostaglandin production
Oxytocin secretion
49
Figure 20.30aPage 795
Urinary bladder
Pubic bone
Placenta
Urethra
Vagina
Cervix
Rectum
50
Figure 20.30bPage 795
Placenta
Umbilical cord
Partially dilated cervix
Uterus
First stage of labor Cervical dilation
Second stage of labor Delivery of the baby
Third stage of labor Delivery of the placenta
51
Figure 20.31aPage 796
Adipose tissue
Duct
Nipple
Lobule containing alveoli
52
Figure 20.31bPage 796
Myoepithelial cell
Duct
Ejection
Secretion
Milk
(Lumen)
Alveolar epithelial cell
53
Figure 20.32Page 797
Suckling
Mechanoreceptors in nipple
Hypothalamus
Nervous pathway
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone or prolactin-releasin
g hormone (?)
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding
alveoli
Milk secretion
Milk ejection