Motivation and Behavior Modification

1
Motivation and Behavior Modification

• Chapter 19

2
A Behavioral View of Motivation

• Motivating Operations (MOs)
• Events or operations that
• Temporarily alter the effectiveness of
  consequences as reinforcers or punishers
  (value-altering effect)
• Influence behaviors that normally lead to those
  reinforcers or punishers (behavior-altering
  effect)
• Motivating Establishing Operations (MEOs)
• Increases the effectiveness of a consequence as a
  reinforcer
• Motivating Abolishing Operations (MAOs)
• Decreases the effectiveness of a consequence as a
  reinforcer

3
Unconditioned Versus Conditioned Motivating
Operations

• Unconditioned Motivating Operations (UMOs)
• Value-altering effect is innate
• Behavior-altering effect is learned
• Conditioned Motivating Operations (CMOs)
• Value-altering effect is learned
• Behavior-altering effect is learned

4
CMEOs and SDs

• SD
• A stimulus that has been correlated with the
  availability of a reinforcer for a particular
  behavior
• A cue that tells you what to do to get what you
  already want
• CMEO
• Motivator that momentarily increases the value of
  a conditioned reinforcer and increases the
  likelihood of behavior that has led to that
  reinforcer in the past
• A cue that changes what you want and tells you
  what to do to get whatever it is that you now
  want

5
CMAOs and S?s

• S?
• A stimulus in the presence of which a response
  has not been reinforced
• A cue that tells you that emitting a particular
  behavior will not lead to a reinforcer that you
  want
• CMAO
• A motivator that momentarily decreases the value
  of a conditioned reinforcer, and decreases the
  likelihood of behavior that has led to that
  reinforcer in the past
• Influences someone to no longer want a particular
  consequence, and decreases behavior that led to
  that consequence

6
SDs, S?s, CMEOs and CMAOs

• Discriminative variables (SDs, S?s) are related
  to differential availability of an effective form
  of reinforcement given a particular type of
  behavior
• Motivative variables (CMEOs, CMAOs) are related
  to the differential reinforcing effectiveness of
  environmental events

7
Application of Motivating Operations

• Teaching mands to children with autism
• Mands a request for something that a person
  wants
• First type of verbal behavior acquired by a child
• Motivating seat belt use among senior drivers
• Decreasing self-injurious behavior maintained by
  attention