CHEMISTRY AND THE HUMAN BODY

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CHEMISTRY AND THE HUMAN BODY
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CHEMISTRY

• The branch of science that deals with atoms and
  their interactions
• The basic functions of the human body involve
  interactions among atoms
• Atoms interact or recombine through chemical
  reactions

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CHEMISTRY

• Understanding the basic principles of chemistry
  will help you better understand the physical
  structure of the body as well as the
  physiological processes that keep us alive

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MATTER

• Anything that has mass and occupies space
• Is composed of one or more elements
• Is found in one of three states
• solid
• liquid
• gas

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ELEMENTS

• Cannot be broken down into simpler substances
• Over hundred different types of elements
• Organized into table (Periodic table)

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ELEMENTS
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ELEMENTS

• Made of atoms
• Each element is represented by a chemical symbol
• Au for gold
• Na for sodium

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ATOM

• Simplest functional unit of matter
• Consists of subatomic particles
• protons (p)
• neutrons (n)
• electrons (e-)

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PROTONS

• Found in the nucleus
• Mass unit of 1
• Charge is positive ()

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NEUTRONS

• Found in the nucleus
• Mass unit of 1
• Charge is neutral

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ELECTRONS

• Found outside the nucleus
• electron shell/orbit
• Mass unit of 0
• Charge is negative

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ATOMIC NUMBER

• Number of protons an atom contains
• Different for each element
• Equal to number of electrons
• atoms are uncharged

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MASS NUMBER or ATOMIC MASS

• Number of protons and neutron an atom contains
• Isotopes have same atomic number but different
  mass number

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ISOTOPES

• Atoms with same number of protons but different
  number of neutrons
• Same atomic number but different mass number
• Some are unstable
• Give off energy
• Important medical/research uses

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IONS

• Charged atom
• Formed when an atom gains or loses an e-
• number of p and e- is unbalanced
• positive ion has more p than e-
• negative ion has more e- than p

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SOLUTIONS

• Solute
• what is dissolved in a solvent
• usually a solid
• Solvent
• what a solute is dissolved in
• usually a liquid

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SOLUTIONS

• Made from a solute dissolved in a solvent
• Dissolve is to break apart in water, usually
  ionic bonds

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pH

• Number which refers to the conc. of H in a
  solution
• Values are from 0 to 14
• less than 7 are acidic
• greater than 7 are basic or alkaline
• pH of 7 is neutral

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ACIDS

• Substance which releases H into solution
• Alters chemical reactions bonding
• Ex. HCl ? H Cl-

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BASES

• Substance which absorbs H in solution (by
  releasing OH-)
• Removes H excess from solution
• Ex. NaOH ? Na OH-
• H OH- ? H2O

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ACIDS BASES

• Strong acids and bases dissociate completely
• Weak acids and bases do not break down completely

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pH
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BUFFERS

• Substances which can release or absorb excess H
• Helps to keep pH from changing
• Ex. Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system in blood

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SALTS

• Substances which release ions other than H or
  OH-
• Held together by ionic bonds
• Ex. NaCl
• Result when an acid and base react
• Ex. NaOH HCl ? NaCl H2O

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Types of COMPOUNDS

• Organic
• Made by living organisms
• Contain carbon
• Ex. C6H12O6, CH3OH
• Inorganic
• Ex. H2O, CO2

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Major Organic Compounds

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic acids
• High-energy compounds

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CARBOHYDRATES

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• CHO or CH2O

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TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES

• Monosaccharides
• glucose, fructose, galactose
• Disaccharides
• sucrose, lactose, maltose
• Polysaccharides
• starch, glycogen, cellulose

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FUNCTIONS OF CHOs

• Energy storage
• structure

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LIPIDS

• Hydrophobic

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TYPES OF LIPIDS

• Triglycerides
• (fats and oils)
• Phospholipids
• Steroids

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TRIGLYCERIDES

• Glycerol (3C molecule)
• 3 Fatty acids
• long chain of C and H
• saturated have no dbl. bonds
• unsaturated have one or more dbl. bonds

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PHOSPHOLIPIDS

• Glycerol (3C molecule)
• 2 Fatty acids
• hydrophobic tails
• Phosphate group (PO4)
• Hydrophilic head

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STEROIDS

• Connected rings of Carbon
• Examples
• cholesterol
• Estrogens
• testosterone
• corticosteroids
• Vitamin A

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FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS

• Long term energy storage
• Cushion organs
• Insulation
• Regulation of cell function
• Cell membranes

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PROTEINS

• Most abundant and diverse group
• Polymer composed of amino acids
• 20 different aas

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FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS

• Structure
• Defense
• Nutrition
• Regulation of cell functions
• Transport
• Movement
• Control of chemical reactions

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ENZYMES

• Protein catalysts
• Control rate of chemical reactions
• Are not used up in chemical reaction
• Contain an ACTIVE SITE
• where substrate binds

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ENZYMES
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ENZYMES
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NUCLEIC ACIDS

• Polymer of nucleotides
• Nucleotides are made of
• ribose or deoxyribose (5 C sugar)
• Phosphate group (PO4)
• Nitrogenous base (one of 5)
• adenine, guanine, cytosine,
• thymine or uracil

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TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

• RNA
• DNA

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FUNCTIONS OF NAs

• Directs cells on which proteins to make
• Assures that daughter cells have same DNA

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High Energy Compounds

• ATP
• adenosinetriphosphate
• ADP
• adenosinediphosphate
• ATP ? ADP P energy

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High Energy Compounds