Pathways to Cleaner Energy

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Pathways to Cleaner Energy
Eve S. Sprunt 2006 SPE President Senior Technical
Advisor Chevron Technology Ventures LLC
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The New Energy Equation

• Rising Demand
• Shrinking Capacity
• Political Turmoil

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Mike Lynchs comparison of oil price forecasts
with actual oil prices
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(No Transcript)
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Where Will Future Energy Come From?
Conventional Resources
Stranded Natural Gas
Gas Shale
Extra Heavy Oil
Bitumen
Gas Hydrates
Oil Shale
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In Times of Emergency we need energy
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In Times of Emergency, Energy is the Currency of
Survival
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Everything Leaves a Footprint
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Issues Overload More Questions Than Answers

• Global climate change
• Easy oil growing scarce
• Peak oil - Fact or myth?
• Increasing barriers to accessing resources
• Energy security Mounting concerns

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Emissions Progress
1970
Today

One 1970 car polluted as much as 33 of todays
cars
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Energy Density
Hydrogen needs 3,500 times the volume of gasoline

At room temperature-pressure
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Hydrogen Promises and Pitfalls

• Scarce in elemental form in nature
• Many possible ways to generate hydrogen
• Difficult to transport and store

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Hydrogen Diverse Sources
Gasifier
Crude Oil
Gasifier
Coal
Reformer
Natural Gas
Hydrogen
Nuclear
Electrolyzer
Electric Power Plant
Nuclear
Photo-voltaic
Solar
Generator
Hydro
Generator
Wind
Generator
Wave
Electric Power Plant
Geothermal
Wood
Gasifier
Organic Waste
Gasifier
Biomass
Gasifier
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Hydrogen Versus the Hybrids
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
33.6
Conventional Engines
28.0
22.4
Hybrid
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
Carbon Dioxide Emissions
16.8
Range
11.2
5.6
Hybrid
0
Hybrid withSequestration
Hybrid Hydrogen
CNG
Diesel
Renewable Hydrogen
Gasoline
HybridGasoline
HybridDiesel
Hydrogen
Bio-Ethanol (E85) ?
kg/100 km CO2 equivalent total fuel cycle
basis Hydrogen from natural gas ? 15 gasoline,
85 ethanol by volume. Net CO2 shown depends on
feedstock and processing used.
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U.S. Electricity in 2002
3,650 Billion kWh
Source EIA, 2004 Annual Energy Outlook
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Gas-to-Liquids

• Strengthens energy diversity
• Yields ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel
• Preserves diesels green house gas and km/L
  advantages

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Sequestration High Potential for Energy
Security/Environmental Gains

• Many countries have large coal reserves
• CO2 Sequestration A critical element in
  clean-coal strategy?

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Solar Tradeoffs Chevrons Bakersfield Story

• 4,800 panels
• 2.43 hectare of land
• Provides less than 1 of fields energy

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Challenges

• Provide energy for global economy
• Reduce environmental impact
• Increase energy security

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Many Alternatives
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Total Resource Assessment

• Promote understanding of the SPE/WPC/AAPG
  reserves and resources definitions and their
  universal adoption
• Selected by the UN
• Recommended by CERA

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SPE/WPC/AAPG Resources Classification System
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Who/What is the OGRC?
International representation (USA, Canada,
Australia, UK, Italy, Saudi Arabia)
Focus on technical standards
Inter-organizational cooperation
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General Alignment of SPE/WPC/AAPG and UNFC

• F Axis Reflects Project Status Categories of
  Reserves and Contingent Resources

• G Axis Reflects Level of Uncertainty

From SPE Paper 90839
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Illustrative Example Values, No Carbon
Sequestration Assumed
Primary Data Source EIA, 2004 Annual Energy
Outlook
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Representative Values No Carbon Sequestration
Assumed
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Current Hydrogen Storage Technologies
105 kg of hydrogen at 41.4 MPa occupies 30.5 m3
and has roughly the same energy density as 227 L
of gasoline.
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Hydrogen vs. Conventional
10-20/day
300-500/day