How did the universe form

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How did the universe form?
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The universe is all known and inferred celestial
matter. The universe has no boundary or center
The universe is 13.7 billion years old
http//map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_age.html

http//www.physics.yorku.ca/people/menary.html
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http//tiof.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/bang.jpg
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Red Shift

• Early in this century, astronomers noticed that
  distant galaxies had peculiar light spectra.
  Specifically, the galaxies' light spectra were
  shifted toward the red end of the spectrum.

http//www.bestsyndication.com/Articles/2006/a/ais
enberg_sol/images/022006_red_shift.jpg
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• In 1929 astronomer Edwin Hubble compared the
  galaxies' spectra with their distances, and
  showed that the amount of "red shift" was
  proportional to distance.

http//www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/images/as
tronomy/cosmic_expansion69.jpg
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• Hubble and others realized that the most obvious
  explanation for the "red shift" was that the
  galaxies were moving away from Earth and each
  other, and the farther the galaxy, the faster the
  recession.

http//www.lancs.ac.uk/ug/salkelda/Pics/Universe_e
xpansion20sml202.GIF
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• Red shift is similar to "Doppler shift."
• Doppler shift is what makes a car sound
  lower-pitched as it moves away from you.

http//www.phschool.com/atschool/science_activity_
library/images/properties_sound_doppler.jpg
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• It turns out that a special version of this
  everyday effect applies to light as well if an
  astronomical object is moving away from the
  Earth, its light will be shifted to longer (red)
  wavelengths.
• http//www.arachnoid.com/sky/redshift.html

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http//www.phy.syr.edu/courses/CCD_NEW/seti/tutori
al/measure/images/Doppler_effect.jpeg
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• In 1948, Russian-born physicist George Gamow took
  the next step by realizing that if all the
  galaxies are flying apart at high speed (an idea
  originally proposed by Georges Lemaître), the
  entire universe must have been concentrated in a
  single point (singularity) at some time in the
  past.

http//www.russia-ic.com/img/education_science/gam
ow2.jpg
http//www.nndb.com/people/349/000099052/george-ga
mow-1-sized.jpg
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Another scientist, Fred Hoyle, coined the name
"Big Bang" to make fun of Gamows idea, but the
term became popular and has prevailed to the
present day.
http//blogdolabi.com/picture/The20Big20Bang20T
heory.jpg

• The correct scientific term for the Big Bang
  theory is the Inflationary Model.

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• During the first few days of the universe, it was
  in full thermal equilibrium, with photons being
  continually emitted and absorbed.
• The temperature just after the big bang would
  have been 1025 degrees Kelvin.
• As the universe expanded, it cooled.

http//www.firstgalaxies.org/assets/FZ_images/CMBT
imeline300.jpg
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Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Before it could be measured, the predicted
temperature of the universe now 3 degrees Kelvin
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• In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson
  accidentally discovered the cosmic background
  radiation while conducting diagnostic
  observations using a new microwave receiver.

• They first thought something was wrong with their
  equipment.
• Penzias and Wilson were awarded a Nobel Prize for
  their discovery.

http//www.pmobs.org.au/Pics/CMBHornAntnasaP.jpg
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• In 1989, NASA launched the Cosmic Background
  Explorer satellite (COBE), and the initial
  findings, released in 1990, were consistent with
  the Big Bang's predictions regarding the Cosmic
  Microwave Background Radiation.
• COBE found a residual temperature of 2.726 K

John C. Mather and George Smoot were awarded
Nobels for their leadership in this work.
http//mintaka.sdsu.edu/faculty/wfw/CLASSES/ASTROB
IO/COSMIC/COBE_logo.jpg
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• The discovery of background radiation in the
  universe supports the singular origin of the
  universe and demonstrates the correctness of the
  application of Einsteins theory of general
  relativity to cosmology (the study of the
  universe).

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http//i.timeinc.net/time/time100/poc/images/einst
ein_big.jpg