GIS Applications

1
GIS Applications

• Faculty of Computer Science
• University of Indonesia
• Dr. Aniati Murni

2
Contoh Aplikasi

• Agriculture Precision Farming
• Electricity Distribution Network
• Forest Fire

3
GIS in Agriculture Application(Source GIS
AsiaPacific, February/March 1998)

• Faculty of Computer Science
• University of Indonesia
• Dr. Aniati Murni

4
Aspects of Agriculture Application

• Aspects of applications
• Crop location and area estimation
• Yield prediction
• Diseases monitoring and
• Precision Farming.
• Required information
• Identification of crop type Measurement of crop
  area
• Determination of crop boundaries Estimates of
  yield and production
• The determination of crop health and stress and
• The measurements of in-field variation (good and
  bad crops).

5
Data Capture Technology(Pengaruh Image
Resolution)

• High resolution optical remote sensing sensor
  (SPOT, three times/year)
• Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensor
• High resolution image for precise farming
  resolution-size vs error

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Location and Area Estimation

• Colors in optical sensor images can identify
  crop/vegetation type, different health and
  maturity, growing season and harvesting season
  (using multitemporal data)
• Crop boundaries, image pixel size, and
  information from the grower can be used for area
  estimation.
• Areas declared as potatoes areas is combined with
  the declared location and area of planted
  potatoes to get a map of growing potatoes.
• Later, the field supervisor can use this map to
  record the planting returns and to process only
  the growing potatoes area with no corresponding
  planting returns.

7
Yield Prediction

• Compare the probable crop yield at a detailed
  level and the product estimation
• Predict the surpluses or shortages to support
  price prediction and stabilization effort at
  national level
• Improve logistics planning for the harvest,
  transportation, storage and processing of
  seasonal crops.

8
Disease Monitoring

• The healthy and unhealthy crops can be
  differentiated using false color optical sensor
  SPOT data where healthy trees are red and
  unhealthy trees are pink and purples.
• This information can be used to estimate the
  impact on the production and model of the
  epidemic (in terms of extent, severity, spreading
  time).

Red healthy vigorous crops Pink/Purple
unhealthy or blighted crops
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Precision Farming(Lower Cost but More
Competitive)
Sources/Causes of in-field variation (good and
bad crops)

• The type and structure of soil or unsuited to the
  crop type
• Different nutrient availability or non-uniform of
  seed distribution
• Germination and Uneven irrigation.

The usefulness of multitemporal analysis

• Is there any repeatable variation?
• Then it can be solved by fertilizing (use only
  if it is required / reduce fertilizer
  use, efisien / saving money, avoid run-off
  chemical polluted water) and additional /
  better irrigation.
• Can predict crop yield and help farmer to
  improve farming efficiency.

10
Vigorous Crops Recognition by Vegetation Index
Vegetation Index Measures

• Healthier crops higher vegetation index

High NDVI
11
GIS in Electricity Distribution Network (Source
GIS AsiaPacific, June/July 1998)

• Faculty of Computer Science
• University of Indonesia
• Dr. Aniati Murni

12
The Objective of the GIS Project
To improve the reliability and accessibility of
the power companys

• distribution network technical information base
• customer connection database
• and decision support systems.

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Information Requirements

• An accurate register of geographic position of
  distribution system assets for valuation and
  financial performance reporting purposes
• The capacity and geographic location of each
  customer connection points to the network to be
  used as an input parameter in the determination
  of charges for line function services
• This meant that the management should be able to
  derive (a) an electrical schematic of the network
  for analysis and planning purposes (b) an asset
  inventory with location attributes for system
  maintenance.

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Steps to achieve the objective

• Assess the existing information contained in
  database
• Conduct a survey on information requirements
• Design and implement a strategy to obtain all
  necessary information
• Coordinate all information into a central
  database of a GIS
• Develop operational processes and procedures to
  automate up-to-date data maintenance
• Expand access to and operations of the GIS
  throughout the functional units of the
  organization.

15
Identification of data requirements

• No previous database or records of individual
  poles and structures
• Records on rural lines were limited to large
  scale hard copy maps (110.000), so that the line
  position information is inaccurate and no detail
  attributes
• Records on urban lines and cables were in the A1
  paper of 110.000 scale and could be directly
  digitized using CAD system
• A number of text data should be entered including
  the code numbers of computerized transformer and
  substations

16
Identification of data requirements (continuation)

• Incomplete records of existing transformers and
  substation records without or with wrong
  transformer data
• The database was based on customer account which
  is related to a single meter installation, in
  fact one customer may have more than one meter
  installations, meaning may have more than one
  customer accounts
• The database could be based on customer
  connection points but there was no information on
  their load capacity
• The database for street lights was in text
  describing the attribute of location name.

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Data Capture Strategy

• Data of geographic position and load capacity of
  each customer network connection points
• Geographic position and attributes of substation,
  lines, cables, switchgear, and streetlights
• Data collection is divided into urban and rural
  data collection
• Rural data collection is divided into ground
  mapping / survey and aerial mapping
• Geographic position is measured using GPS (Global
  Positioning System).

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Ground Mapping

• A roving crew consists of one lineman and one
  surveyor, visits all rural transformer sites and
  all their connected customer NCPs.
• The surveyor made a field sketch book of the
  layout of 400V lines from each transformer,
  detail 400V conductors, substation code numbers,
  GPS (geographic) positions.
• The lineman affixed the NCP identification number
  plate.
• At the end of each day, the GPS waypoint files
  were down loaded to CAD system, and the field
  sketch book was transferred to CAD mapping.

19
Aerial Mapping

• The survey involved a low-level helicopter
  flyover of all rural high voltage lines
• A video camera is mounted at the helicopter and
  recorded the view of the overhead lines
• Each high voltage line connection is marked and
  its position is recorded and stored in the GPS
  file.
• At the end of each day, the data is down loaded
  to CAD system to provide input data for high
  voltage line connection database.

20
Urban Data Collection

• The existing urban power map of 11.000 scale is
  used in the survey as the field sketch map where
  additional customer NCPs information is added to
  the map
• The urban power lines include under-ground cable
  and above-ground poles
• The data of above-ground line network includes
  the customer NCPs and the related NCP code
  number
• The NCP map is used by the lineman to add
  information of meter installation code number and
  its load capacity
• In the case of under-ground cable, the customer
  NCP is located at the service pillar box, so that
  it can be identified
• All the data then are digitized into the CAD
  maps.

21
System Map Production

• This system produces an electronic map of all
  components of line network assets and entities
  such as transformers, NCPs, etc.
• The electronic map consists of sets of graphic
  entities which are geographically connected to
  each other
• Entity identifier is needed to relate the graphic
  entity to its attribute (table data) in the
  relational database
• The tolerable accuracy for rural and urban
  network is 10m - 15m and around 5m, respectively.

22
GIS Implementation

• After the electronic maps are produced, then the
  GIS construction can be implemented
• The data coverage/layers include the theme of
  high voltage network, NCP network, switch gear
  network, etc.
• The relation between the graphic/spatial data and
  text/attribute/non-spatial data is also
  established
• The system is then extended as a multiuser
  system, so that each unit in the company can
  utilize the data
• In this way, the system has already been
  integrated to the network operational management
  system.

23
GIS in Fishermen, Farmers, Forest Change and Fire
(Source GIS AsiaPacific, February/March 1998)

• Faculty of Computer Science
• University of Indonesia
• Dr. Aniati Murni

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DSWR (Danau Sentarum Kalimantan Wildlife Reserve)
Data
Area 132,000 ha Population 6000 -
8000 Feature Swamp Forest Fauna Rare Red
Asian Arowana Proboscis Monkey, Orang
Utan Stakeholders Muslim Melayu (fishermen,
traders, timber concessionaires, timber
workers, conservation agency and local
government officials) Christian and Animist
Iban (shifting cultivators)
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Area of Danau Sentarum, Kalimantan
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DSWR Conservation Project (1992 - 1997)

• Funded by British Conservation Project between
  Government of Indonesia and UK Tropical Forest
  Management Programme (ITFMP)
• Implemented based on Participatory and Community
  Management Plan in collaboration with the
  Ministry of Forestrys Directorate General of
  Forest Protection and Nature Conservation
• Using the remote sensing technology and GIS
  (Geographic Information System) to produce
  150,000 map scale
• Thematic Legend vegetation, burned areas,
  regenerating areas, reserved villages (the local
  community decides its village boundary),
  socio-economic data, forest use status,
  administrative boundaries, geology data, logging
  concession boundaries, and spatial planning
  status.

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Landsat TM of D. Sentarum (August 1990) Red
burned forest Green forest
Forest
Burned Forest
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Images of D. Sentarum
Danau Sentarum in Wet Season
Burned Swamp Forest
29
Joint Research between Conservation Project and
CIFOR (The Center for International Forestry
Research)
Research on the Criteria and Indicator for
Sustainable Forest Management System - Forest
Change, Shifting Cultivator, Fisherfolks

• Forest Cover Change Analysis using Landsat TM
  and MSS to produce base map of 150,000 scale.
  Aerial photo is used to digitize forest boundary
  on the base map.
• Stakeholder activities shifting cultivation (dry
  and wet land), hunting, fishing, harvest rattan,
  honey, firewood and timber from the forest.
• During the period of 1973-1990, the swamp forest
  area was reduced from 4000 ha to 3444 ha and the
  burned swamp forest was increased from 59 ha to
  239 ha.

30
Joint Research between Conservation Project and
CIFOR (continuation)

• The cause of forest fire could be physical
  (natural) or anthropogenic (the human) but it is
  sure not caused by shifting cultivation.
• The hill and dry land forest (non-swamp forest)
  was also reduced from 1089 ha to 884 ha due to
  shifting cultivation activities. The remaining
  dry land forest was regenerated forest or
  non-cleared forest which is used for funeral.
• Fishery could sustain the swamp forest, but some
  are also burned. The majority of the burned
  swamp forest are the dwarf and stunted
  (pohon-pohonnya kecil karena tidak subur) swamp
  forest.

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Forest change of one village area
32
Reserved and Non-reserved Villages
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Conclusions

• Forest damages in non-reserved area have
  experienced greater loss in forest cover than
  that in reserved area. Most of the cause is
  fire.
• Swamp forest damages in shifting cultivation
  areas are not always worse than that in fishery
  areas.
• The remote sensing and GIS technologies are
  potential for sustainable forest management.
• The socioeconomic data, ethnographic data and
  forest classification data could be used to
  obtain the cause of forest fire.
• The shared claim zones consistently show forest
  decrease, often as a result of burning. Focusing
  on conflict resolution between the major
  stakeholders in these areas may lead to less
  burning.
• The study of deforestation shows a complex
  analysis which need to examine conditions
  historically.