ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 22'1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

1
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION22.1
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Medieval View of Science Unquestioning Based
on ancient teachings or The Bible Geocentric
Theory of the universe-the Earth was at the
center and all the rest revolved around it.
2
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION22.1
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• The Scientific Revolution was a new way of
  looking at the world based on careful observation
  and a questioning of accepted beliefs.

3
ENLIGHETENMENT AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• What brought on the Scientific Revolution?
• ?New ideas during the Renaissance
• ?Translation of ancient Muslim manuscripts
  brought new knowledge to Europe
• ? Exploration brought new knowledge and a
  willingness to accept new truths
• New advances in math and astronomy
• associated with exploration

4
NEW MODEL OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

• Copernicus studied astronomy and realized the sun
  was at the center. He proposed the heliocentric,
  sun centered theory.

5
A circular path did not fully explain the
movement of the planets.

• Johannes Kepler proved mathematically that
  Copernicus was basically correct, but it was an
  elliptical orbit, rather than circular.

6
Galileo

• proved that objects fall at a predictable rate.
  He also created a telescope to study the stars
  and planets. He supported Copernicus
  heliocentric model.
• He came in conflict with the Catholic Church.
• He was tried by the and forced to Catholic Church
  and forced to say Copernicus was wrong and the
  Church was right.

7
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

• Francis Bacon helped develop the Scientific
  Method by his proposal that scientists should use
  observation rather than relying on old knowledge.

8
Rene Decartes

• helped it along by developing analytical geometry
  that combined algebra and geometry. His findings
  supported the new movement known as skepticism.
• I think, therefore I am.

9
WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD?
10
SIR ISAAC NEWTON

• Brought it all together in his universal laws of
  gravitation and motion proving that the earth and
  other planets revolve around the sun.

11
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONBRINGS ADVANCES IN
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

• Zacharias Jansser, a Dutch eyeglass maker,
  invented a microscope.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek used the microscope to see
  bacteria and red blood cells for the first time.

12
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION BRINGS ADVANCES IN
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

• Gabriel Fahrenheit developed a thermometer
  showing freezing at 32 while Anders Celsius
  created another scale with freezing at 0.

13
Vesalius

• dissected a human and showed actual human
  anatomy.

14
Edward Jenner

• used cowpox to prevent smallpox, thus creating
  the worlds first vaccine

15
Robert Boyle

• was the founder of modern chemistry. He proposed
  the idea of small particles making up matter. He
  also gave us Boyles Law that explains how volume,
  temperature and pressure of gas affect each other

16
the Enlightenment in Europe
17
John Locke

• Believed that all people are born free and equal.
• They had three natural rights life, liberty, and
  property.
• The purpose of government is to protect these
  rights.

18
Thomas Hobbes

• Without government there would be war of every
  man against every man.
• To escape this bleak life, people give up this
  life to a strong ruler.
• In exchange they gain law and order.

19
Social Contract

• According to Thomas Hobbes, it is an agreement
  between the people and the government.

20
Natural Rights

• This is the rights that John Locke stated that
  people are born with life, liberty, and property.

21
Philosophes

• These were the social critics of France.
• 5 important concepts formed the core of their
  philosophy.
• Reason-truth can be discovered through reason.
• Nature-good and reasonable.
• Happiness-Wanted well-being on the earth.
• Progress-society and mankind can be perfected.
• Liberty-society could be set free.

22
Voltaire

• A French writer who fought for tolerance, reason,
  freedom of religious beliefs, and freedom of
  speech.

23
Montesquieu

• He was a French writer concerned with with
  government and political liberty.
• He called for a separation of powers.

24
Separation of Powers

• Government should have three different groups
• Executive- the king and his ministers execute
  laws
• Legislative- Parliament-make the laws
• Judicial- the judges of the courts-interpreted
  the laws

25
Jean Jacques Rousseau

• Enlightenment thinker who championed freedom.
• He wrote in favor of human freedom.
• He wanted a society in which all people were
  equal.

26
Cesare Beccaria

• An Italian philosophe who turned his thoughts to
  the justice system.
• In his book Crimes and Punishments, Beccaria
  railed against the common abuses of justices.

27
Mary Wollstonecraft

• She was an author who wrote about womens rights.
• She argued that women, like men, need to educated
  to be virtuous and useful.

28
Salon

• Social gathering for discussing ideas of enjoying
  art.
• A women named Marie-Therese Geoffrin became
  famous for hosting these discussions.

29
Denis Diderot

• He edited and published encyclopedia.
• His aim was to gain all what is known in the
  world.
• The church and the French government at first
  banned the books.

30
Art

• European Art had been dominated by a style called
  Baroque. This is a grand, ornate style.
• Under the Enlightenment, the art style began to
  change.
• The new art was called neoclassical, this
  borrowed ideas from ancient Greece and Rome.

31
Music

• The new style in music was called classical.
• Three composer dominated they were Franz Joseph
  Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van
  Beethoven.

32
Enlightened Despots

• Some monarchs embraced the new ideas and made
  reforms that reflected the Enlightenment spirit.
• They became known as the enlightened despot.
  Despot means absolute ruler.

33
French and Indian War

• Britain beat the French in the French and Indian
  war but this caused the English pass laws and
  increase taxes on the colonies.
• The war put a strain on the British economy.

34
Stamp Act

• In 1765, Britain in order to pay off the war debt
  enacted the stamp act.
• Colonist had to pay a tax to have an official
  stamp put on wills, deeds, newspapers and other
  printed material.

35
Articles of Confederation

• The first nation government of the 13 individual
  states in North America was created the Article
  of Confederation.
• This government was very weak. The central
  government had little power and the states
  retained all the power.
• Though it did create a congress.