Begin French Revolution Notes

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Unit 8
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Absolutism Vs Constitutionalism

• Absolutism
• Absence of any constitutional check on rulers
  power
• Palace of Versailles
• Required nobles to attend king Louis XIVs court
  and kept them occupied and away from real
  politics
• Symbolized triumph over the rights of nobility
• Constitutionalism
• Specified limits to rulers power

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Russia Before Peter

• Look at the facts
• 10 million people, 8.5 serfs
• Boyars (landowning nobles) control the court and
  government
• Very Anti-Western European culture
• Majority of population are uneducated

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The Westernization of Russia

• Goals
• To modernize, westernize Russia
• Establish absolute monarchy
• Journeyed to Western Europe to learn
• Anatomy
• Dentistry
• Carpenter in shipyard
• Government structure of English Parliament
• Brought Experts to Russia
• Technical experts, teachers, soldiers, and nobles

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Peter the Great

• Built a new capital at St. Petersburg and
  committed to a policy of westernization in
  Russia.
• To impose his will, Peter became the most
  autocratic of Europes absolute monarchs.
• No to political liberalization
• Brought Russian Orthodox Church under his control
  and increased the burden of taxes and labor on
  the serfs
• Great Northern War
• broke Swedish control over the Baltic and
  established direct contact between Russia and
  Europe

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Peter the Greats Major Changes
Requires European Dress No Beards!
Westernization of Russia
Builds St. Petersburg
Brought in Europes Technology and Craftsman
Took control of church
Made the boyars serve in the govt
Modernized army
Adopts Mercantilism
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Catherine the Great r. 1762-1796

• Born in 1729 in Germany
• today modern day Poland
• Gains the throne by stealing it (maybe) from
  her murdered husband, Peter III!

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• began state-sponsored
• education for boys and girls.
• embraced and encouraged Western ideas and
  culture.
• granted special privileges to the boyars.
• Allows serfdom to continue
• repressed peasant rebellions.
• Built the worlds largest land empire at the time

Catherines Palace
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Expansion of Russia, 1689-1796

• Peter the Great
• created the largest standing army in Europe
• On land won from Sweden, Peter built a
  magnificent new capital city, St. Petersburg.
• Catherine the Great
• gained a warm-water port on the Black Sea
• agreed to partition Poland and gained the eastern
  portion.

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St. Petersburg
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Romanov Dynasty Heritage
Moscow in 1810
Last Romanov Czar Murdered w/ family in 1917
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Expansion of Russia, 1689 1796
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Age of Reason1600s-1800s
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Revolution and Reason

• The Scientific Revolution convinced many
  Europeans of the power of human reason.
• Enlightenment philosophers admired scientists
  use of reason to understand the natural world and
  solve social problems.

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• Philosophers began ask, Why not use reason to
  discover the natural laws (laws that governed) of
  human nature?
• Many philosophers began to believe that if people
  used reason to find laws that governed the
  physical world (science) then answers to
  societys problems could also be found.

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Center of the MovementFrance

• By the mid-1700s-France was the headquarters
• Paris became the meeting place for some of the
  worlds greatest thinkers, philosophes the
  lovers of wisdom
• Salons started up all over Europe. -They were
  informal social gatherings here intellectual
  discussion was considered fun!

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Hobbes Explores Government

• Thomas Hobbes used the idea of natural law to
  argue that absolute monarchy was the best form of
  government, why?

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Hobbes Explores Government

• People are naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish.
• Without it chaos would occur
• People formed a social contract, an agreement to
  give up their freedom and live obediently under a
  ruler who would protect them
• Key Focus Support for Monarchs and the social
  contract

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John Locke Offers A radical view

• Locke believed people were inherently good and
  that government was based on a social contract
  too BUT
• Unlike Hobbes he believed that people were
  governed by consent based on natural rights or
  laws
• Rights to life, liberty and property

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Fuel for revolution

• Locke believed people created government to
  protect natural rights, if a government failed in
  this duty, people had the right to overthrow the
  government!
• This idea influenced American colonists including
  Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of
  Independence
• Lockes writings helped to provided the fuel
  for the American Revolution

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Other philosophers

• Voltaire most important freedom of speech
• Montesquieu focused on separation of checks and
  balances
• Rousseau community is more important than the
  individual
• Government by general will ( majority)
• Direct democracy

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Women and the Enlightenment

• Enlightenment ideas about equality and freedom
  spread throughout Europe, but were not applied to
  women
• Instrumental in dissemination of new political
  ideas
• Brought together thinkers in homes and salons
• Purchased and discussed books
• Became writers and commentators

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Women and the Enlightenment

• In A Vindication of the Rights of Women, Mary
  Wollstonecraft favored equal education for women
  and men so that both genders could contribute
  equally to society
• Key Focus Access to education for girls
  education for all

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New Economic Thinking

• rejected mercantilism in favor of a policy called
  laissez faire or allowing businesses to run with
  little or no government interference.
• In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith (1776)
  argued that the laissez-faire or free market
  should be allowed to regulate business activity.

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Smiths Invisible Hand

• Adam Smith referred to an invisible hand, which
  kept the economy in check
• In order for the invisible hand to work, there
  can be no external laws or rules interrupt the
  natural economic cycle of boom and bust.

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Smiths Invisible Hand

• Smith argued that a free, unregulated economic
  competition or laissez-faire brings
• Maximum profits
• Quality products
• Creative innovation
• Competitive prices

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Enlightenment Influences Classical Style Late
1700s

• Musical composers also stressed classical
  elements such as balance, contrast, and refined
  expression of emotion, baroque (define) became
  the style of music for the era.
• New instruments such as the piano and violin
  allowed a greater range of sounds
• Bach, Handel, Haydn and Mozart were among the
  great musicians of the era

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Some Enlightened Despots
Enlightened despots were absolute rulers who
used their power to bring about political and
social change.
Catherine the Great
Frederick the Great
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Enlightened Despots
CATHERINE II CATHERINE THE GREAT
JOSEPH II
FREDERICK
THE GREAT
Most radical of enlightened despots. Granted
toleration to Protestants and Jews. Ended
censorship and tried to control the Catholic
Church. Sold church property to build hospitals.

Was interested in Enlightenment ideas but
intended to give up no power.
Exerted tight control over subjects, but saw
himself as a servant of the state.

• Made some limited reforms in law and government.

• Tolerated religious differences.

Distributed seeds and tools to peasants.
Criticized the institution of serfdom.

• Granted nobles a charter of rights.

Abolished serfdom.
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The Challenge to AbsolutismAmerican
RevolutionFrench RevolutionNapoleon
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United Kingdom of Great BritainThe Great Power
in Europe!
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The American Revolution
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After 1763

• French and Indian War costs Britain big bucks
• Britain engages in mercantilism
• Britain feels colonists should pay for the costs
  of the war
• Colonists think not

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Americans resented "no taxation without
representation

• Britain passes acts that tax colonists
• Stamp, sugar
• Stamp Act of 1765
• Tax everything printed on paper

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March of 1770

• Boston massacre Brits kill 5 colonists
• Radicalized public opinion
• Boston Tea party Colonists dump British tea
• England gets stricter

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Britain Colonists

• They already have a lot of freedom
• This is our colony, they should do what we say

• We do not have representation in British govt. so
  we shouldnt pay
• Taxes too high
• Independence is the only way

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Common Sense

• Written by Thomas Paine
• Published on January 10, 1776
• Was used to stir-up anti-British sentiment
• we have every opportunity and every
  encouragement before us, to form the noblest
  purest constitution on the face of the earth. We
  have it in our power to begin the world over
  again.

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• Colonists prepare for war
• War begins- battles of Lexington and Concord
  (shot heard around the world!)
• Declaration of Independence written July 4, 1776
• Thomas Jefferson

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Declaration of Independence

• Took ideas from Enlightenment
• Said people had natural rights
• Govt. exists to protect the rights of the people
  had right to revolt
• Life
• Liberty
• Pursuit of happiness (changed from property)

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American Strengths and Weaknesses

• Own territory
• Washington a good leader
• Guerrilla tactics
• Inexperienced troops
• New troops arriving and old going home (too much
  turnaround)

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British Strengths and Weaknesses

• Well equipped, disciplined and trained army
• Best navy in the world
• Help from Indians loyalists
• Not on their land
• Old war tactics
• British citizens resented paying for the war

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France to the Rescue

• Battle of Saratoga in 1777
• was a decisive victory resulting in the surrender
  of an entire British army invading New York
• Brings France into the war
• France helps the revolutionaries
• Supplies, soldiers, warships
• Netherlands and Spain add support
• Britain surrenders at the battle of Yorktown,
  Virginia in 1781

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Treaty of Paris (1783)

• America free
• England agreed to withdraw troops from America

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Factors leading up the French Revolution

• Economic factors
• Debts from the 7 Years War
• Inability to tax the nobility and the clergy
• Supporting the colonist in the American
  Revolution

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Begin French Revolution Notes

• Before the French Revolution, France was divided
  into 3 Estates or classes

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1st Estate

• Clergy(Church People)
• Held 10 of land in France
• Gave 2 of income to the King as Free Gift

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2nd Estate

• Nobility (Rich People)
• Less than 2 of Frances population
• Held 30 of land
• Paid no taxes to the King

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3rd Estate

• 98 of Frances population (paid all the taxes)
• Divided into 3 groups
• Bourgeoisie-Urban middle class (Doctors, lawyers)
• Urban lower class (butchers, cooks, etc.)
• Peasant farmers

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• Bourgeoisie wanted equality with nobility- Nobles
  said no
• Urban lower class often went hungry. Dangerous
  mood
• Peasants lost ½ income to the taxes
• ALL UNHAPPY WITH THE WAY THINGS ARE!!

½
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• The King who ruled over all of this was King
  Louis XVI who came to power in 1774 and his wife,
  Queen Marie Antoinette
• He was a weak leader and his wife was a lavish
  spender

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• In 1787, King Louis XVI called a meeting of the
  Estates General
• make the nobles pay taxes to get out of debt.
• The nobles said no way
• The nobles made the king call a meeting of the
  Estates General (all three Estates vote)
• The Estates General allowed all 3 Estates to vote
  on any proposal

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• Each Estate got 1 vote, regardless of how many
  people were in the Estate
• The 1st and 2nd Estates got together and always
  out voted the 3rd.

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• 3rd Estate got mad and left the meeting
• Went to a tennis court and swore an oath to stay
  together until the country had a constitution
  (called the Tennis Court Oath)
• Changed their name to the National Assembly

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• King supposedly tried to make peace with the
  National Assembly
• Behind their backs he called in the Swiss guard
  to put down the rebellion

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• National Assembly got mad and stormed the
  Bastille
• Bastille was a prison that was believed to have
  stored weapons and gunpowder. (none were found)
• It was a turning point. It marked the beginning
  of a Revolution

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Peasant uprising

• In October 1789, 1,000s of women got mad over the
  rising price of bread.
• Went to the palace in Versailles, killed the
  guards, put their heads on spikes and took King
  Louis and his family to Paris

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• Peasants were running around the countryside with
  weapons terrorizing rich people
• Called the Great Fear

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• Once the rebels took over, they made many changes
  in the government

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• Wanted to create a declaration that was very
  similar to the U.S. Dec. of Independence
• 1. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
  Citizen
• Natural rights
• Liberty, property, security, and resistance to
  oppression
• All men were born free and equal in rights
• Promised free expression of ideas, equality
  before the law, and representative government

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• 2. Created a Constitution
• Put limits on Kings power
• Limited Monarchy!

NO MORE POWER
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• 3. Took power away from the church
• Took away church lands
• Clergy were put on state payroll

NO MORE POWER
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• The National Assembly changed its name to the
  Legislative Assembly
• Legislative Assembly had 3 parts

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• 1. Conservatives- wanted no more changes. Limited
  Monarchy
• 2. Moderates- wanted some more change but not as
  violent as Radicals
• 3. Radicals- wanted a republic or democracy where
  common people held the power. Wanted to get rid
  of the king (NO MONARCHY)

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• Just when it looked bad, more trouble for France
• Austrian and Prussian army in 1791 invaded France
  in their time of weakness
• By the end of 1792, French armies had gained the
  upper hand

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End of King Louis

• National convention convicted Louis the XVI of
  treason
• Killed by the Guillotine on January 1793 (symbol
  of the revolution)
• Marie Antoinette
• Met the same fate on October 1793

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REIGN OF TERROR Radical phase

• 1793-1794 COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY TAKES
  CONTROL
• led by Maximilien Robespierre
• To protect France from enemies inside and
  outside borders
• Crush all opposition
• People of all classes killed
• 40,000 people executed or died in prison
• 300,000 were thrown in prison
• Drastic changes
• Forced priests to marry
• New ten day week without Sundays
• New religion introduced by Robespierre
• Terror came to end with the death of Robespierre
  and his radical allies on July of 1794
• Death by guillotine

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End of French Revolution Notes

• Although the Revolution did not achieve all of
  its goals, they were successful in some things1

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Declaration of the Rights of Man

• Declared men are born and remain free and equal
  in rights
• preservation of the naturalrights of man
• rights are liberty, property, security and
  resistance to oppression
• Served to limit the power of the Monarchy, at
  least a little

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Napoleon

• Came to power in 1799 under a new government
  popular authoritarianism
• Napoleon becomes emperor in 1804
• He begins making changes in France -The changes
  outlast his reign as emperor

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Napoleonic Code

• Law Code-
• Equality of all citizens
• Limited freedom of speech
• Religious toleration
• Advancement based on merit
• Took away some rights of women
• No political rights
• Limited participation in the economy
• Instilled Nationalism in the French People

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Economic Changes

• Made a national bank
• Slowed rising prices and balanced budget.
• France is no longer broke

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Social Changes

• Allowed nobles to come back as long as they
  behaved
• Began to promote people to positions based on
  merit, or worth, not who they were.

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Religious Changes

• Said that Catholicism was the religion of the
  majority of Frenchmen, but allowed people to
  worship as they pleased.
• Government appointed bishops but parish priests
  promoted without government interference

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Legal Changes

• Created Napoleonic Code
• Code based somewhat on the principles of the
  Revolution
• Abolished 3 Estates
• Granted equal rights before law to people of all
  classes

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• Code did not help everyone
• Govt had more power to censor newspapers
• Women lost some rights they had gained in the
  Revolution
• Restored slavery in the Caribbean

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End of Napoleon

• June 1812, Napoleon assembled the largest army
  ever in Europe (600,000)
• Made the fatal flaw by attacking Russia
• Brutal winter and Russian forces destroyed his
  army
• Forced to abdicate throne in April 1814
• Returned the next year, only to be defeated by an
  allied army in Belgium, Waterloo
• Was exiled forever and died a broken man in 1821
• Congress Of Vienna
• Tried to create lasting peace in Europe by
  restoring national borders (pre-Napoleon era)

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Failure or Success?

• For the immediate citizens of France, a failure.
• Went from King Louis to King Louis- No democracy
• Did not create an enduring form of representative
  government

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• For future generations of France and all of
  Europe-Success
• Started new ways of thinking.
• Created 3 political ways of thinking
• 1. Conservatism- Keep things the way the are or
  were (kings)
• 2. Liberals- Give more power to the elected parts
  of government
• 3. Radicals- Favored violent change. Liked
  Robespierre. Wanted true democracy
• 3 groups set the stage for many revolutions still
  to come

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What were the causes of the revolution in Saint
Domingue?

• Reasons for independence
• the inherent racism and brutality of slavery and
  the plantation system
• The number of African-born slaves, as opposed to
  those born in Haiti
• The event that triggered the revolution was the
  revolutionary turmoil in France.
• Battle for power in Saint Domingue
• Produced nearly 1/3 of all French foreign trade
• Wealthy planters, poor whites, and the gens de
  couleur struggled with each other for control and
  eventually violence broke out.
• Violence first divided gens de couleur and white,
  and then a separate slave rebellion broke out in
  the north.
• Slave rebellion
• Slaves gained strength when the radical National
  Convention in France outlawed slavery in 1793.
• They were led by Toussaint L Overture
• In 1804 Toussaints successors declared
  independence
• Declared a free republic and became the second
  independent nation in the western hemisphere