Kingdom Animalia

1
Kingdom Animalia

• Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs whose
  cells lack a cell wall

2
Multicellular organisms

• Advantage cell specialization confers a
  division of labor so each cell does not have to
  do everything
• Disadvantage cell specialization causes a loss
  of independence since the cells can not live alone

3
Major divisions

• Invertebrates lack a backbone

• Vertebrates have a backbone

4
Animal functions/requirements

• Heterotrophic status
• lack of cell walls so loss of rigidity allows
  movement for hunting, grazing
• Herbivores - plant eaters with grinding
  teeth if teeth present
• Carnivores flesh eaters with ripping,
  tearing and crushing teeth
• Omnivores both of above

5
Heterotrophs (cont)

• Other feeding methods
• - parasitism infect host for nutrition
• - Filter feeding sessile animals extract
  food from moving stream of water as it flows
  through body
• - Detritus Feeders animal version of
  saprophyte eats dead organisms

6
Animal Functions/Requirements (cont)

• Respiration structures/modes
• - through thin, moist skin
• - organ systems with airways and lungs,
  trachea, book lungs, gills, etc
• - require oxygen and release waste product
  carbon dioxide

7
Functions/Requirements (cont)

• Excretion ridding body of nitrogenous wastes
  (products of protein breakdown like ammonia)
• -diffusion through skin
• -cells such as flame cells and nephridia in
  inverts
• -organs systems with kidneys which conserve
  water

8
Functions/requirements (cont)

• Internal Respiration some form of fluid
  circulation (getting oxygen and nutrients to
  cells)
• -open system blood/fluid drains into a
  cavity (hemocoel) before it re-enters circulation
• -closed system blood never leaves vessels
  more sophisticated

9
Functions/Requirements (cont)

• Responsiveness to environment
• -nerve nets, tentacles with trigger devices
  and stinging cells, brains, ganglia and cords
• -cephalized having structures for
  collecting info at front end of body
• -acephalized lack of front end info
  gathering structues may be body wide

10
Animal Functions/Requirements

• Motility
• - some are sessile (attached and nonmoving)
• -mobile with joints and either an
  endoskeleton or an exoskeleton

11
Functions/Requirements (cont)

• Reproduction
• -alternation of generations
• -egg layers
• -external fertilization for most in aquatic
  environment
• -internal fertilization as an adaptation to
  land dwelling
• -live births develop in uterus most common
  or premature birth with pouch development
• -metamorphosis change in appearance from egg
  to adult forms

12
Level of Organization

• - cellular only as in sponges
• - tissue level (2 layers) as in jelly fish and
  corals
• - tissue level (3 layers) beginning in flatworms
  and including all the other animals that are
  more complex
• -organ system level

13
Body Shapes

• Symmetry
• - asymmetry- no definite shape
• - radial body shape can be divided into
  similar halves by any plane that passes through
  the longitudinal axis
• - bilateral similar halves are produced
  when dividing along 1 plane that passes through
  longitudinal axis

14
Body Cavity Status

• There are 4 body plans, depending on whether
  there is a true body cavity or not
• -2 layered acoelomate 2 tissue layers but no
  cavity between them
• -3 layered acoelomate 3 tissue layers but no
  cavity between them
• -pseudocoelomate cavity forms between
  endoderm and mesoderm
• -coelomate true cavity with organs develops
  within mesoderm layer