Title: Chapter 16 Gradation, Weathering and Mass Movement
1Fig. 16-CO, p. 446
2Study Guide Chapter 16
1. Explain how the groundwater system
operates. 2. Describe the zones of aeration and
saturation. 3. Locate the water table on a
diagram. 4. Is the water table higher or lower in
a humid climate? Why? 5. What is
porosity? 6. Distinguish between an aquifer and
aquiclude. 7. What is an artesian well? 8. What
climate and rocks form karst landforms. 9. What
are stalactites and stalagmites.
3Underground Water and Karst Formations
- Aquifer- A rock formation that stores and
transmits water. - Aquiclude- A rock formation that restricts
passage of water and limited storage capacity. - The ability to store water depends on porosity
and permeability.
4Porosity and Permeability
- Porosity-Proportion of space between the
particles that make up the soil or rock. Affects
storage of water. - Permeability-Ability to allow passage of water
through the soil.
5Fig. 16-4, p. 450
6Soil Types and Aquifer Ability
- Good Aquifers
- Sand, sandstone, limestone
- Porous and Permeable
- Aquicludes
- Clay or Granite
- Restricts passage of water
- Poor Aquifer Ability
- Slate, Shale
- Impermeable and nonporous
7Similar to Fig. 16.5
Precipitation
Runoff
Infiltration
Confined Recharge Area
Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area
Infiltration
stream
Lake
Flowing artesian well
Well requiring a pump
Unconfined aquifer
Confining permeable rock layer
Confined aquifer
Less permeable material such as clay
8Fig. 16-7, p. 453
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11Karst Formations
- Results from chemical action between limestone
and water. - A famous example of a karst formation is Carlsbad
Caverns.
12stalagmites
13stalactites
Hold tight from the ceiling