Physiology of ageing agerelated changes in vascular physiology

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Physiology of ageing age-related changes in
vascular physiology

• Tim Cable
• Research Institute for Sport and Exercise
  Sciences
• Liverpool John Moores University

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What we do
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Presentation StructureExercise Ageing and

• Part 1 Cardiovascular
• Part 2 Muscle Strength
• Part 3 Clinical Relevance

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Sports Performance
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Cardiovascular System
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Endurance Capacity with Ageing
VO2max Q x a-vO2 diff
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Endurance Capacity and Ageing

• VO2MAX Q x a-vO2Diff
• VO2MAXO2delivery x O2extraction
• Are there gender differences in the rate of any
  observed changes?

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• Overall cardiac function, via the use of Cardiac
  Power Output (CPO) (Cooke et al., 1998)

• CPO (CO x MAP) (Watts)

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Goldspink et al. Int. J. Cardiology, 2008
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Goldspink et al. Int. J. Cardiology, 2008
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Conclusions Overall Cardiac Function

• Interesting gender difference.

• When scaled to metabolically active tissue over
  the course of normal healthy ageing -

• No significant decline in women

• Significant decline in men

• Declines less than overall aerobic capacity.

.
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• Gender difference in Myocyte loss.
• (Olivetti et al., 1991 1995)

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Endurance Capacity with Ageing
VO2max Q x a-vO2 diff
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The Real Impact of Ageing and Exercise Training
Goldspink et al. Int. J. Cardiology, 2008
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The Real Impact of Ageing and Exercise Training
Goldspink et al. Int. J. Cardiology, 2008
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Effect of ageing on peripheral blood flow
impact of exercise training
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Maximum skin flow in diabetics vs controls
Maximum SkBf initiated by heating site to 42oC
Rayman et al. (1986), BMJ, 292, 1295
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Introduction
Martin et al. (1995), J. Appl. Physiol. 79, 297
In response to reactive hypaemic challenge -
structural assessment of vasculature
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Maximum skin blood flow with ageing
Hodges et al. (2004), J. Sp. Sci., 23, 147
In response to local heating - assessing functiona
l capacity (NO mediated)
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Nitric Oxide (NO)
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Aging, fitness and endothelial function In
resistance vessels
Desouza et al., (2000), Circulation, 102, 1351
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Aging, fitness and endothelial function In
resistance vessels
Older men 3 month training 5 days, 70max
Desouza et al., (2000), Circulation, 102, 1351
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Methods Microdialysis
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Experimental Protocol
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Longitudinal study

• Does exercise training of moderate intensity
  reverse microvascular NO dysfunction with ageing?
• Hypothesis
• Older sedentary subjects will increase NO
  mediated skin microvessel function in response to
  frequent exercise.

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Training Intervention
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Contribution of NO during local heating,
baseline, 12 and 24 weeks post training.
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Summary and Conclusions

• Exercise training in older sedentary individuals
  reverses the age-related decline in microvascular
  NO-mediated vasodilator function
• Older sedentary individuals have impaired
  NO-mediated vasodilator function compared with
  older trained individuals
• Since higher levels of NO confer anti-atherogenic
  benefit, this study has potentially important
  implications for the role of exercise in the
  prevention of microvascular dysfunction in
  humans.

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Resistance Training
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Strength changes with ageing
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Power changes with ageing
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Changes in muscle mass
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Muscle mass changes with ageing
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Frontera et al. (1988) JAP, 64, 1038-1044
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Fiatarone et al. (1990) Jama, 263, 3029-3034
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Fiatarone et al. (1990) JAma, 263, 3029-3034
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Clinical Relevance
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Summary

• Cardiovascular Advantage
• Blood flow Advantage
• Muscular Advantage
• Health Advantage

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Acknowledgements