ROMAN JUDEA

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ROMAN JUDEA
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ROMANIZATION TOLERANCE PERSECTION,
IIJUDEA FROM JULIO-CLAUDIANS TO FLAVIANS
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ROMANIZATION RELIGION
SYNCRETISM
Uni-Juno nursing Hercle-Hercules Etruscan mirror
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ROMANIZATION RELIGION
DRUIDS
Island of Mona (Anglesey)
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ROMANIZATION RELIGION
Celtic deities
interpretatio Romana Esus, Teutan Mercury
intolerance of superstitio human
sacrifice/divination
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ROMANIZATION
Leptis Magna
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ROMANIZATION  NORTH AFRICA
Leptis MagnaLatin/Neopunic bilingual dedication
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ROMANIZATION
Numidian Douggaorganic, non-grid plan
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ROMANIZATION
Douggawater storage
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ROMANIZATION
Douggasanitation
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ROMANIZATION
Dougga, Capitoline Triad apotheosis of divus
Antoninus Pius safety M. Aurelius and L. Verus
Baal-Saturnus Tinnit-Juno Caelestis
superstitio-forbade human sacrifice
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ROMANIZATION SYRIA
Palmyra
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Palmyratower tombs
ROMANIZATION
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ROMANIZATION
PalmyraRoman soldiers, frieze, Temple of Bel
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ROMANIZATION
Palmyrawomen in caravan, frieze, Temple of Bel
Heliopolis (Baalbek), non-standard Capitoline
triad Jupiter-Baal, Venus-Atargatis, Mercury
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ROMANIZATION
PalmyraPalmyrene Aramaic
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REVIEW / SUMMARY
ROMAN IDENTITY criteria putative
descent Romulus, Aeneas (usurped by
Julio-Claudian emperors)
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REVIEW / SUMMARY
ROMAN IDENTITY indicia dress toga
Latin language nomenclature tria nomina law,
military, imperial administration
religion interpretatio Romana - syncretism of
religio (not superstitio) Capitoline
triad imperial cult cult of Roma religious
calendar institutions municipium/colonia
modeled on Rome IIvir (duovir, two men
consuls), Senate, assembly theater
(Greco-Roman) amphitheater (gladiatorial
games) circus (horse races) bath
(aqueducts) forum (markets, courts) legion
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RELIGIOUS (IN)TOLERANCE
Vegetarianism Orphism mythical bard Orpheus
and his descent into the Underworld initiation
into mysteries Pythagoreans Pythagoras of
Samos (ca.580-500 BCE) migrates to Croton in
Southern Italy ascetic, strict rules of conduct,
vegetarianism mathematics (Pythagorean theorem),
natural philosophy transmigration of
souls religious festivals feast days, animal
sacrifice and communal meal of meat, central
act of civic religion and social
cohesion vegetarians refused to participate
could be consuming kin seen as atheism
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RELIGIOUS (IN)TOLERANCE
M. Tullius Cicero Against Vatinius
14 Pythagoreans conceal monstrous depraved and
foreign (barbari) customs e.g. offer sacrifices
with the entrails of children invent where one
can not witness excessive religiosity
(superstitio) gt capacity to partake in abhorrent
acts
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RELIGIOUS (IN)TOLERANCE
Dec. Junius Juvenalis Satires 15 decline But
these days, there is more harmony among snakes.
The wild beasts with similar spots spares its
relatives. Have you ever heard of a stronger lion
robbing another lion of life? Or of a forest
where a boar breathed its last under the tusks of
a greater boar? The Indian tigress lives with
frenzied tigress in everlasting peace. Savage
bears agree among themselves. But for human
beings it is not enough to have beaten out on the
wicked anvil, although the first blacksmiths
spent their time and effort on forging rakes and
hoes and mattocks and ploughshares only. They
didnt know how to produce swords. We are looking
at peoples whose anger is not satisfied by
killing someone but who think his torso, arms and
face are a kind of food. What, then, would
Pythagoras say? Wouldnt he run off, anywhere, if
he now saw these horrors? Pythagoras was the one
who abstained from eating all living things as if
they were human and who didnt treat his belly to
every kind of bean. idyllic (noble) vs. feral
(savage)
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RELIGIOUS (IN)TOLERANCE
Baccanalia, 186 BCE covert, nocturnal (not
witnessed) sexual excess, violence (human
sacrifice), treachery conspiratorial depravity
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RELIGIOUS (IN)TOLERANCE
Jews practice novel rites antithetical to Roman
norms (novi ritus contrarii) hold the sacred
(traditional Roman religion) as profane
worship one deity (Saturn) worship a golden
ass head (practice theriolatry, animal-gods)
take meals apart, sleep apart refrain from sex
with women outside their group, excessive
lust (libido) within their group
P. Cornelius Tacitus Histories V.4 Flavius
Josephus Against Apion I.223-226
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RELIGIOUS (IN)TOLERANCE
Revolt of the Maccabees vs. Antiochus IV
Epiphanes (165 BCE) A certain Apion reported
that when the troops of Antiochus overran the
Temple in Jerusalem, they found a Greek
imprisoned within, being fed dainties the
captive explained that the Jews would annually
capture a foreigner, fatten him up, lead him to a
sacred grove, swear an oath against Greeks as
they ate the entrails. Flavius Josephus
Against Apion II.223-226 stereotype (e.g.
Catiline) human sacrifice gt consumption of
entrails gt conspiratorial oaths
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RELIGIOUS (IN)TOLERANCE
Antiochus IV, 165 BCE forbids circumcision,
convert Temple to worship of Zeus
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RELIGIOUS (IN)TOLERANCE
Antiochus IV, 165 BCE forbids circumcision,
convert Temple to worship of Zeus Augustus
Caesar, 27 BCE-14 CE ancient ethnic customs
preserved and confirmed (Philo 23) manumitted
Jewish Roman citizens allowed to worship in
Roman synagogues, send tithe to Jerusalem,
receive grain outside Sabbath
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RELIGIOUS (IN)TOLERANCE
Antiochus IV, 165 BCE forbids circumcision,
convert Temple to worship of Zeus Augustus
Caesar, 27 BCE-14 CE ancient ethnic customs
preserved and confirmed (Philo 23) manumitted
Jewish Roman citizens allowed to worship in
Roman synagogues, send tithe to Jerusalem,
receive grain outside Sabbath Tiberius,
14-37 suppressed Egyptian, Jewish cults, and
astrologers due to advice of praetorian
prefect Sejanus (Philo 24) respected ancient
ethnic customs (Philo 24-25)
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RELIGIOUS (IN)TOLERANCE
Antiochus IV, 165 BCE forbids circumcision,
convert Temple to worship of Zeus Augustus
Caesar, 27 BCE-14 CE ancient ethnic customs
preserved and confirmed (Philo 23) manumitted
Jewish Roman citizens allowed to worship in
Roman synagogues, send tithe to Jerusalem,
receive grain outside Sabbath Tiberius,
14-37 suppressed Egyptian, Jewish cults, and
astrologers due to advice of praetorian
prefect Sejanus (Philo 24) respected ancient
ethnic customs (Philo 24-25) Caius (Caligula),
37-41 insult to Herod Agrippa I, rioting in
Alexandria, 38 CE shift in respect for ancient
ethnic customs, imperial cult in Temple
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RELIGIOUS (IN)TOLERANCE
Antiochus IV, 165 BCE forbids circumcision,
convert Temple to worship of Zeus Augustus
Caesar, 27 BCE-14 CE ancient ethnic customs
preserved and confirmed (Philo 23) manumitted
Jewish Roman citizens allowed to worship in
Roman synagogues, send tithe to Jerusalem,
receive grain outside Sabbath Tiberius,
14-37 suppressed Egyptian, Jewish cults, and
astrologers due to advice of praetorian
prefect Sejanus (Philo 24) respected ancient
ethnic customs (Philo 24-25) Caius (Caligula),
37-41 insult to Herod Agrippa I, rioting in
Alexandria, 38 CE shift in respect for ancient
ethnic customs, imperial cult in
Temple Claudius, 41-54 expelled Jews from
Rome, agitated by Chrestos (Suet.Claud.24) demand
ed tolerance in Alexandria
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RELIGIOUS (IN)TOLERANCE
Antiochus IV, 165 BCE forbids circumcision,
convert Temple to worship of Zeus Augustus
Caesar, 27 BCE-14 CE ancient ethnic customs
preserved and confirmed (Philo 23) manumitted
Jewish Roman citizens allowed to worship in
Roman synagogues, send tithe to Jerusalem,
receive grain outside Sabbath Tiberius,
14-37 suppressed Egyptian, Jewish cults, and
astrologers due to advice of praetorian
prefect Sejanus (Philo 24) respected ancient
ethnic customs (Philo 24-25) Caius (Caligula),
37-41 insult to Herod Agrippa I, rioting in
Alexandria, 38 CE shift in respect for ancient
ethnic customs, imperial cult in
Temple Claudius, 41-54 expelled Jews from
Rome, agitated by Chrestos (Suet.Claud.24) demand
ed tolerance in Alexandria Nero, 54-68 First
Jewish War (66-73 CE), general Vespasianus
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RELIGIOUS (IN)TOLERANCE
Kitos War, 115-117 CE (Second Jewish War) reign
of Trajan diaspora communities of Cyrene,
Egypt, Cyprus, Mesopotamia L. Quietus sent to
suppress revolt
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RELIGIOUS (IN)TOLERANCE
Kitos War, 115-117 CE (Second Jewish War) reign
of Trajan diaspora communities of Cyrene,
Egypt, Cyprus, Mesopotamia L. Quietus sent to
suppress revolt Bar Kokhba Revolt, 132-135 CE
(Third Jewish War) reign of Hadrian plans to
rebuild city as Aelia Capitolina forbids
circumcision, proposed new Temple, but dedicated
to Capitoline triad and imperial cult Simon
Bar Kokhba leads revolt destruction of
Jerusalem, population killed, dispersed, enslaved
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JUDAEA
722 BCE Fall of Samaria
henotheism
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JUDAEA
586 BCE Fall of Judah
diaspora
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JUDAEA
538 BC End of Exile
Second Temple
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KINGDOM OF JUDAEA 165 BCE -93 CE
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KINGDOM OF JUDAEA 165 BCE -93 CE
Antiochus III the Great Syrian Wars, 192-188
BCE last Macedonian kingdom to threaten
Rome Antiochus IV Epiphanes (Illustrious),
basileus 175-164 188-178 hostage in
Rome 175 usurps throne with Roman
assistance 170 campaigns against Ptolemy VI
Philometor (age 6) and his mother Cleopatra I
168 declared basileus of Egypt 168 met by
C. Popillius Laenas outside Alexandria When
the king had read (the decree of the Roman
Senate), he said he wanted to consult with his
advisors on these new developments, but
Popillius did something in reply which seemed
insolent and arrogant in the highest degree.
With a vine stick which he had in his hand he
drew a circle around Antiochus and told him to
give his reply to the message before he stepped
outside of the circle. The king was astounded at
this arrogance. After hesitating for a moment, he
said that he would do everything the Romans
asked of him. Polybius 29.27
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KINGDOM OF JUDAEA 165 BCE -93 CE
Antiochus III the Great Syrian Wars, 192-188
BCE last Macedonian kingdom to threaten
Rome Antiochus IV Epiphanes hostage in Rome
188-178 BCE temple, toga, gladiators, flattering
embassies attempts invasions of Egypt 170-168
BCE Hellenization paideia (greek
education) gymnasium (nude exercise, reverse
circumcision) diaspora communities, Greek
speaking translation of Hebrew Bible -
Septuagint (LXX) Antiochus IV attempts to end
circumcision and to introduce worship of YHWH
as Zeus (Jupiter) Revolt of the Maccabees Judas
Maccabeus (the Hammer, 165-160), descendant of
Simeon, makes a treaty of friendship and
alliance with Rome
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Judas Maccabeus (the Hammer)
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KINGDOM OF JUDAEA 165 BCE -93 CE
Herod the Great (37 BCE-4 CE), outsider
(Idumean), set sons of Hashmonean house to
Rome builds Caesarea Maretima Herod Agrippa I
(37-44 CE) playmate of Caius (Caligula) Caius
attempts installation of emperor cult and
Capitoline Triad at Temple embassy of Philo of
Alexandria from diaspora community revolt
averted by death of Caius
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KINGDOM OF JUDAEA 165 BCE -93 CE
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High Priest (sanhedrin) Pharisee
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JEWISH POLITICAL/RELIGIOUS SECTS
Pharisees exact interpretation of Jewish law,
study of the Torah believe in Fate and
resurrection of the dead Sadducees denied
existence of afterlife, embraced
Hellenism Essenes ascetic communities, no
marriage, mystical and messianic Sicarii
Zealots, assassins
Pharisee
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Khirbet Qumran
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Khirbet Qumran
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Khirbet Qumran-Dead Sea Scrolls
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Khirbet Qumrancaves
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JULIO-CLAUDIAN DYNASTY
Imp. CAESAR AUGUSTUS 27 BCE 14 CE TIBERIUS
Caesar Augustus 14-37 ? marriage to Julia
adoption by Caesar Augustus CAIUS Caesar
Augustus Germanicus (CALIGULA) 37-41 ?
grandson of Tiberius by adoption (son of
Germanicus) Ti. CLAUDIUS Caesar Augustus
Germanicus 41-54 ? acclaimed imperator by
Praetorian Guard (brother of Germanicus) Imp.
NERO Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus 54-68
? adoption by Claudius (grandson of Germanicus)
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KINGDOM OF JUDAEA 165 BCE -93 CE
JULIO-CLAUDIAN DYNASTY, 27-68 CE Imp. NERO
Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus FIRST JEWISH
WAR 66-73 CE Greeks sacrifice at synagogue, Jews
cease sacrifices for the emperor Herod Agrippa
II (50-93 CE), flees, supports Neros general
Vespasian revolt in North subdued, capture of
Josephus at Jotapata (67 CE) collaborator, made
Roman citizen T. Flavius Josephus under
Flavian patronage
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KINGDOM OF JUDAEA 165 BCE -93 CE
JULIO-CLAUDIAN DYNASTY, 27-68 CE Imp. NERO
Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus FIRST JEWISH
WAR 66-73 CE Greeks sacrifice at synagogue, Jews
cease sacrifices for the emperor Herod Agrippa
II (50-93 CE), flees, supports Neros general
Vespasian revolt in North subdued, capture of
Josephus at Jotapata (67 CE) collaborator, made
Roman citizen T. Flavius Josephus under
Flavian patronage YEAR OF FOUR EMPERORS, 68 CE
FLAVIAN DYNASTY, 69-96 CE Vespasian proclaimed
imperator, marches on Rome son Titus continues
campaign seige of Jerusalem, 70 CE Siege of
Masada, 73 CE
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TYRE

JOTAPATA

CAESAREA

JERUSALEM

MASADA
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ANTONIA FORT
JERUSALEM
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JULIO-CLAUDIAN DYNASTY
Imp. CAESAR AUGUSTUS 27 BCE 14 CE TIBERIUS
Caesar Augustus 14-37 CAIUS Caesar Augustus
Germanicus (CALIGULA) 37-41 Ti. CLAUDIUS Caesar
Augustus Germanicus 41-54 Imp. NERO Claudius
Caesar Augustus Germanicus 54-68
murder mother 59 suicide of
Seneca 62 Pisonian conspiracy 65
revolt C. Julius Vindex 68-69
YEAR OF FOUR EMPERORS 68-69 CE Ser.
Sulpicius Galba Spain praetorian guard A.
Vitellius Germany M. Salvius Otho Spain T.
Flavius Vespasianus Syria
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FLAVIAN DYNASTY
Titus Flavius Vespasianus gt Imp. Caesar
VESPASIANus Augustus 69-79 CE
acclaimed imperator by Syrian legions Imp. TITUS
Caesar Vespasianus Augustus 79-81
inherited Imp. Caesar DOMITIANus Augustus
81-96 inherited
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VOWS IMPERIAL FORA
AUGUSTUS
FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATER
ROMAN FORUM
FORUM BOARIUM
CIRCUS MAXIMUS
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VOWS Imperial monopoly
FORUM OF AUGUSTUS Temple of Mars Ultor
tyrranicides FORUM OF VESPASIAN Temple of
Peace First Jewish War
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SYNCRETISM
COLOSSUS OF NERO
FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATER
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VOWS IMPERIAL FORA
AUGUSTUS
VESPASIAN
FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATER
TITUS
ROMAN FORUM
FORUM BOARIUM
CIRCUS MAXIMUS
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Roman ForumArch of Titus
Capture of Jerusalem, 70 CE
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FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATER (COLOSSEUM)
ARCH OF TITUS
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CIRCUS MAXIMUS Arch of Titus
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Masada
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Israel/Palestine-Jordanarial view
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MasadaRoman camp (foreground)
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MasadaRoman ramp (left), Dead Sea (background)
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Masada and modern ideology
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CURSUS HONORUM SENATORIAL ORDO
REPUBLIC min. age     military
service quaestor 30 aedile or
37 tribune of plebs praetor 40
propraetor consul 43
proconsul censor
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CURSUS HONORUM SENATORIAL ORDO
REPUBLIC PRINCIPATE min. age min.
age     XXvir 18 military
service military tribune 20 quaestor
30 quaestor 25 aedile or 37 aedile
27 tribune of plebs praetor
40 praetor 30 propraetor
propraetorian legate consul 43 consul
32 proconsul proconsul
censor urban praefect (praefectus
urbani)
changes Senate enrollment determined by emperor,
includes provincial elite, age limits reduced
(and ignored) certain prefectures open to
senators (mayor of Rome, or praefectus urbani)
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CURSUS HONORUM EQUESTRIAN ORDO
Prefect of Grain (praefectus annonae) grain
supply of Rome Prefect of the Watch (praefectus
vigilium) firemen, security Prefect of Egypt
(praefectus Aegypti) governor Praetorian
Prefect (praefectus praetorio) commander of
imperial bodyguard garrisoned in Rome
continuation of patronage (clientela), serve at
emperors discretion
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CURSUS HONORUM EQUESTRIAN ORDO
Praetorian Camp
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IMPERIAL SUCCESSION CRISES ? LEGITIMACY
marriage Julia to Marcellus gt Agrippa gt
Tiberius adoption Augustus adopts
grandchildren, Tiberius Tiberius
adopts Germanicus (over Drusus) Claudius
adopts Nero (over Britannicus) acclamation
Praetorian Guard acclaims imperator (e.g.
Claudius) legions acclaim imperator (e.g.
Vespasian, Elagabalus) hereditary sons inherit
title from father (e.g. Titus, Domitian)
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IMPERIAL FREEDMEN ? PROFESSIONAL BEAURACRACY
procurator financial agent administering
imperial properties gained through confiscation,
legation (wills) post held by equestrians and
freedmen
Imperial Slaves and Freedmen (familia
Caesaris) administered public treasury and
imperial treasury (emperors household)
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IMPERIAL FREEDMEN ? PROFESSIONAL BEAURACRACY
procurator financial agent administering
imperial properties gained through confiscation,
legation (wills) post held by equestrians and
freedmen
Imperial Slaves and Freedmen (familia
Caesaris) administered public treasury and
imperial treasury (emperors household) Cabinet
Secretaries Secretary for Correspondence (ab
epistulis) Secretary for Provincial Petitions (a
libellis) Secretary of the Judiciary (a
cognitionibus) Secretary of the Treasury (a
rationibus) Secretray of Public Records (a
studiis)
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IMPERIAL FREEDMEN ? PROFESSIONAL BEAURACRACY
procurator financial agent administering
imperial properties gained through confiscation,
legation (wills) post held by equestrians and
freedmen
Imperial Slaves and Freedmen (familia
Caesaris) administered public treasury and
imperial treasury (emperors household) Cabinet
Secretaries Secretary for Correspondence (ab
epistulis) Secretary for Provincial Petitions (a
libellis) Secretary of the Judiciary (a
cognitionibus) Secretary of the Treasury (a
rationibus) Secretray of Public Records (a
studiis) Local administration Submagistrates of
the Watch (vigiles) Augustales, or Board of Six
for the imperial cult (VIviri Augustalis)