Chapter 1 Saturated Hydrocarbons

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Chapter 1 Saturated Hydrocarbons
Organic chemistry is involved with the
protective coating on this apple.
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What is organic chemistry?

• Organic chemistry is the study of covalent
• compounds ctg. carbon..
• excluding the binary carbon compounds
• from group VIA.
• .

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Practice Classify the follow compounds as
organic or inorganic compounds
CH3NH2
SOCl2
CoCO3
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• Organic compounds include drugs, fuels,
• toiletries, plastics, and fabrics.

Lipstick is made of organic molecules. Cosmetics
and perfumes contain organic compounds.
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Oil is a mixture of many different organic
compounds.
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Gasoline is a mixture of many different organic
compounds but mainly isooctane and heptane.
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Isoctane and heptane are hydrocarbons ..lets
look how they are classified.
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Classification of Hydrocarbons
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Alkanes
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Alkanes are molecules that contain only C-C and
C-H single bonds. Alkanes are acyclic
while cycloalkanes are cyclic.
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Alkanes have the formula CnH2n2 (where n
an integer)
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Cycloalkanes have the formula CnH2n
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Practice Exercise Circle each molecule that can
be classified as an alkane
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Types of Formulas
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Three major categories are used to represent
organic cmpds

• Molecular ( number and type of atoms)
• e.g. C3H8 is propane )
• Structural ( wide variation in use)
• Lewis structure ( or expanded)
• Condensed
• Line-angle (or skeletal, not C-C-C
• however)

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• 3. Models ( used to represent cmpds on paper
• or in 3D space)
• Ball and stick (all atoms and all bonds
• in 3D)
• (b) Space filling (only atoms are shown
• in 3D)
• Dash and wedge ( all atoms and all bonds
• on a 2D surface)

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Practice Exercise Change the line-angle formula
to a condensed formula and a molecular formula.
See problem 12.35 ( 1.49)
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Review of Line Angle Structures
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See practice problem in class
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Naming Alkanes
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How to Name Alkanes (CnH2n2)
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Before you learn to name alkanes you must.
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Learn these parent names
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Identifying the Longest Chain
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What is the name of this alkane?
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Identify the longest chain and then name it
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Naming the Substituents
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Naming Substituents (Alkyl Groups)

• Groups along C backbone are called
• substituents
• Alkane substituents are called alkyl groups
• Alkyl groups are the parent RH (alkane)
• minus a H atom

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Examples of Alkyl Groups
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You must know these alkyl group names and the
common abbreviations.. methyl (Me) ethyl ( Et)
propyl( Pr) isopropyl(i-Pr)
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What is the name of this alkane?
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Name the alkyl groups on the longest chain.
Now, indicate the location of the substituent on
the chain (the locant) .
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methyl methyl dimethyl ethyl 2 5 6
9 (left to right) 2 3 7 10 ( right to
left)
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methyl methyl 2, 6-dimethyl 5-ethyl- (
note e comes before m) 2 5 6 13 (left
to right sum is lower) 3 4 7 14 ( right to
left)
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5-ethyl-2, 6-dimethyloctane
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Lets do a practice problem!
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Name this compound
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Draw the line-angle formula for this compound
3-ethyl-2-methylhexane
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Naming Cycloalkanes
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You must know the four cycloalkanes shown in
the next slide
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Practice Match the name with the structure.
Cyclobutane
Cyclopropane
Cyclohexane
Cyclopentane
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Naming Cycloalkanes

• When naming monosubstituted cycloalkanes
• 1. Name the substituent
• 2. Name the parent cycloalkane

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For example
These are identical molecules that are named
this way methyl cyclohexane
methylcyclohexane
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Practice Give the IUPAC name for eachcompound.
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Isomers
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Isomers are two or more molecules with the same
molecular formula but .. differ in how the
atoms are connected or how the atoms are
positioned in space.
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Are these isomers?
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Yes they are isomers. What type of isomers are
they?
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Constitutional Isomers
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Examples of Constitutional Isomers (Alkanes)
2-methylpentane
3-methylpentane
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Example of Constitutional Isomers (RX)
1-bromopropane
2-bromopropane
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Examples of Constitutional Isomers (Alkenes)
1-pentene
2-pentene
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Stereoisomers (Alkane Conformers)
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Conformers are stereoisomers formed by C-C bond
rotation or by changes in certain ring containing
molecules.
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In general the major conformers of ethane are
either eclipsed or staggered.
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Stereoisomers (Cis-Trans)
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Example of Ring Cis-Trans Isomers
cis-1,2-dibromocyclohexane
trans-1,2-dibromocyclohexane
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Example of Alkene Cis-Trans Isomers
cis-1,2-dibromoethene
trans-1,2-dibromoethene
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Classification of Carbon Atoms
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• A carbon atom in an organic compound can be
  classified by the number of carbon atoms bonded
  to it.
• A carbon atom is either
• primary (1)
• secondary (2)
• tertiary (3), or
• quaternary (4)

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Physical Properties of Hydrocarbons
(saturated and unsaturated)
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Why is oil insoluble in water? Why does it
float on top of water?
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Table of Properties for Hydrocarbons
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Table of Properties for Hydrocarbons
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Table of Properties for Hydrocarbons
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Table of Properties for Hydrocarbons
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Change in b.p. of hydrocarbons as a function of
structure
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Alkane Reactions
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1. Combustion
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2. Halogenation (X atom replaces H atom only
Cl and Br are used)
CH3Cl HCl
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