Space Operations

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Space Operations and the Challenges of Space MS
Panel COL James Mitcham, TRADOC ADCSSA
LTC Kurt Woods, SMDC Ms. Patricia OBrien,
AFSPC Mr. Michael Conroy, NASA KSC
Mr. Tom Johnson, AGI Mr. Sam McNully, CG2 Mr.
Frank Grose, SAIC
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Space Operations Transformation

• LTC Kurt Woods
• Space Missile Defense Battle Lab
• Chief, Special Projects Division

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Agenda

• Why Space is Important
• Space Mission Areas
• Space Force Enhancement
• Space Transformation
• Current Experimentation

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Space OIF/Desert Storm

• SATCOM Usage Increased Dramatically
• GPS Enabled PGMs
• Unprecedented Missile Warning
• Unequaled ISR

Space was Key Enabler for Information Dominance
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Space Mission Areas
JP 3-14
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Space Force Enhancement

• Communications
• Precision, Velocity, Navigation Timing (PVNT)
• Environmental Monitoring
• Intelligence, Surveillance Reconnaissance
  (ISR)
• Integrated Tactical Warning and Attack Assessment
  (ITWAA)

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Space Enables Transformation

• Access to a Global Information Grid of Knowledge
  Services
• Common Operational Picture
• Joint, Interagency, Multinational
  Interoperability
• Self-healing, Self-configuring Networks
• Joint Interdependent Battle Command
• Communicate Off the Ramp
• En-route Mission Planning
• Distributed Effects Planning
• Virtual Teaming
• Network Fires

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SATCOM Requirements
In 2010 33 Mbps Per person deployed 8.3
million Mbps for an Iraqi invasion force of 250K
personnel 20 T-1 Lines for every person
SATCOM Capacity in BPS Per Deployed Person
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Transformation Experimentation

• Space MS
• Must Provide Accurate Appropriate
  Representation of Space
• Should Focus on Space as a Medium for Collecting
  and Transporting Information
• Is Critical for Accurate GIG Analysis
• Affects the Continuum from Foxhole to Home
  Station

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Space Operations and the Challenges of Space MS
Panel

• Ms. Patricia OBrien
• Studies and Analysis Division
• Air Force Space Command

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A New Era of Space

• The first era of the space age was one of
  experimentation and discovery.We are now on the
  threshold of a new era of the space age, devoted
  to mastering operations in space. Space
  Commission Report, p. xi, Jan 11, 2001.
• The military uses a variety of tools to simulate
  warfighting environments in support of exercises,
  experiments and wargames.  However, these tools
  have not been modernized to take into account the
  missions and tasks that space systems perform. 
  As a result simulation tools cannot be used
  effectively to understand the utility of
  space-based capabilities on warfare.
• Further, the lack of modeling and simulation
  tools has prevented military commanders from
  learning how to cope with the loss or temporary
  interruption of key space capabilities, such as
  GPS, satcom, remote sensing or missile warning
  info.  To support exercises, experiments and
  wargames, the Department must develop and employ
  MS tools based on measures of merit and
  effectiveness that will quantify the effects of
  space-based capabilities.  Space Commission
  Report, p. xxix.

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How does space contribute to military missions?

• It depends
• Static - Detailed engineering models do not
  interact with combat simulations
• Subjective - Space models require expert
  interpretation for user context  
• Inconsistent - Many data sources from multiple
  communities of expertise

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Why are there so many visualization tools? 

• Because this is rocket science
• Different phases of space operations (launch,
  on-orbit, maneuvers, reentry)
• Multiple reference systems and data sources
• Complexity of missions

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MS is not keeping pace with military uses of
space.

• Growing dependence on space
• Military space needs are not well documented
• Military science of space operations is immature
  
• Cross-Service issues and large user base for
  space effects

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Mr. Mike ConroyNASA/KSC

• Space Operations and the Challenges of Space MS

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Some Thoughts

• Spacecraft, for today, exist in multiple
  environments, each with their own challenges and
  characteristics
• Space characteristics include
• Micro Gravity, Extreme Temperatures, Sparse
  Population, Clean
• Ground characteristics include
• Gravity, People, Equipment, Close Environment,
  Dirty
• Launch characteristics include
• Vibration, Temperature Variations, Pressure
  Variations, High G
• Spacecraft characteristics include
• Lightweight, toxic fuels, fragile components,
  exotic materials
• Successful spacecraft usually are able to exist
  in all environments
• They start out on the ground, integrate with a
  Launch Vehicle
• They go through the launch process, arrive in
  space, some come back
• Simulation allows study of all of these
  environments. The knowledge gained allows
  improvement of the spacecraft as well as the
  tools and methods used get them where they belong.

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KSC is NASAs leader in Ground Process Simulation
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Space Station Simulation

• ISS is huge. The SSPF was designed to allow the
  different ISS components to readied for launch
  and tested.
• Flexibility is provided through the use of an
  air-bearing floor and movable work stands. Crane
  is used only when necessary.
• Eight test cells are situated along an access way
  large enough to move an entire station element
  with its support stand.
• With everything movable, the potential exists to
  make moves that cannot easily be undone.
• Simulation is used to plan all of these moves,
  multiple moves in advance, to assure minimum risk
  to people and equipment.

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Launch Services Simulation

• Launch Services provides NASA payloads with
  access to space
• This includes the Shuttle as well as Expendable
  Launch Vehicles.
• Many of these payloads are one-of-a-kind
  experiments that are designed for a specific
  task.
• Simulation is used both to design and build the
  necessary support capabilities as well as plan
  the operations that will be performed.

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Shuttle Simulation

• The Previous examples are of relatively new
  systems with existing three dimensional data.
  Shuttle is an older system, for the most part
  without 3-D data.
• Major Shuttle efforts have centered on developing
  methods to acquire the necessary data.
• Drawing conversion, Laser Scanners, Smart
  Software
• We are just starting to be able take advantage of
  Simulation in some areas
• Process Development, Safety, Work Stands, Access
  Platforms

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Unique Aspects of Ground Processing Simulation

• We are typically at the end of an items
  lifecycle. Most of the design decisions have
  been made, and were geared towards mission
  performance, not ground processing.
• Many of our opportunities are tactical as opposed
  to strategic. The simulation development cycle
  is compressed. Ideally hours and days, not weeks
  and months.
• Majority of work is in response to operational
  developments.
• We need to do this now.
• Schedule changed, will this work?
• Station needs a spare part, where can we manifest
  it?
• Often the customer does not have a model of their
  payload.
• This is where scanners come into play.
• We are seeing some unique opportunities for
  re-use.
• It is not the same payload, but is similar enough
  to use same methods.
• The old simulation has enough data to effectively
  plan their operations.
• There is a significant ROI when the investment is
  one VHS Tape.

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Space Operations and the Challenges of Space MS
Panel Mr. Tom Johnson Analytical Graphics
Inc
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Space Operations and the Challenges of Space MS
Panel

• Sam McNully
• CG2, a Quantum3D Company

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Orbits
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Orbits on the Ground
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A Day of Orbits
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A Day of Orbits
1
4
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6
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Relevant Orbits
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What the Soldier Needs in Space MS
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Space Simulation Challenge

• Understand the User First
• Seek Solutions that Fit the Need
• Seek Other Perspectives
• One Size Doesnt Fit All

Just Having a Space Simulation Doesnt Mean You
Have the Right Space Simulation
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Space Simulation Is Challenging Space Operations
and the Challenges of Space MS Panel Mr. Frank
Grose SAIC
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Why

• Satellites
• Obey the Laws of Physics
• Exhibit Cyclical or Periodic Earth-relative
  Geometries
• Wargame Considerations
• Time Impacts Outcome
• Location Impacts Outcome

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Example

• Box 400 km x 400 km, 0.5 grid
• Satellite 500 km altitude
• 60 inclination
• 15 SHA
• 10 days
• 79.31 Coverage

• Box 400 km x 400 km, 0.5 grid
• Satellite 500 km altitude
• 50 inclination
• 15 SHA
• 10 days
• 46.36 Coverage

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Example

• Box 400 km x 400 km, 0.5 grid
• Satellite 500 km altitude
• 60 inclination
• 15 SHA
• 10 days
• 79.31 Coverage

• Box 400 km x 400 km, 0.5 grid
• Satellite 500 km altitude
• 50 inclination
• 15 SHA
• 10 days
• 46.36 Coverage

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Space Simulation Challenge

• Space Simulation User Education
• Limitations to Simplification of Space for
  Simulation
• Reliable Outcomes Demand Informed Usage

If you build a simulation that idiots can use,
they will! Attributed to Wilbur Payne, Former
Director, TRADOC System Analysis Activity
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Space Operations and the Challenges of Space MS
Panel COL James Mitcham, TRADOC ADCSSA
LTC Kurt Woods, SMDC Ms. Patricia OBrien,
AFSPC Mr. Michael Conroy, NASA KSC
Mr. Tom Johnson, AGI Mr. Sam McNully, CG2 Mr.
Frank Grose, SAIC