Kingdom Animalia

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Kingdom Animalia

• The Invertebrates

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Zoology

• Definition - the study of the Kingdom Anamalia

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Characteristics what makes an animal an animal

• Characteristics common to animals
• Movement - motile and sessile
• Support - exoskeleton and endoskeleton
• Protective body covering - skin, shell, fur,
  feathers
• Nutrition - all are heterotrophic

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Common Characteristics cont...

• Respiration - some only cellular
• Circulation - closed or open system
• Excretion - elimination of waste
• Response - irritability
• Reproduction - asexual or sexual (embryonic
  larval)

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Anatomy

• Symmetry
• symmetrical - cut into equal halves
• assymetrical - cannot be divided into equal
  halves

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Basic Types of Symmetry

• Spherical symmetry - divided into equal halves in
  any direction
• Radial symmetry - cut into equal halves along its
  length (all are aquatic)
• Bilateral symmetry - divides animal into equal
  right and left halves

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Common Animal Anatomy Terms

• Cephalic - head
• Caudal - tail
• Anterior - toward the front
• Posterior - toward the rear
• Dorsal - near upper surface back
• Ventral - near lower surface front
• Lateral - toward side
• Medial - toward the middle
• Midline - divides into right and left
• Transverse - crosses perpendicular to midline

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Classification

• Two groups
• Invertebrates - w/o backbone
• Vertebrates - w/ backbone
• About 95 of the known species are invertebrates

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Phyla Porifera Cnidaria

• Some animals have no organs or systems
• The only cellular organization they have is
  tissues
• tissue animals

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Porifera The Sponges

• Mainly marine some freshwater
• Adults are sessile
• Living pumps - incurrent pores excurrent pores
  (osculum)
• Size 1 cm to over 2 m
• gt 10,000 species
• most marine very colorful
• 150 species freshwater often dull

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Structures of a Sponge

• Sac w/ walls
• 2 layers
• Outer layer - epidermis - protects
• Inner layer - lines the cavities
• Mesenchyme - jelly-like matrix in between inner
  outer layer
• ameobocytes - transport food, carry wastes, help
  digest

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Structures continued

• Spicules - support
• produced by ameobocytes
• Shapes - needle, multipronged, hook, barb
• Made of - CaCO3 (lime) silica (glass) spongin
  (proteinlike)
• Sponges are classified by the composition and
  shape of their spicules

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Simple Complex Sponges

• Simple - thin-walled, sac-like bodies
• Complex - larger w/ system of canals and chambers

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Life Processes

• What do they eat?
• Microscopic algae, bacteria, organic debris
• Collar cells - line cavities, flagella that
  create a water current
• engulf food partially digest it transfer to
  ameobocytes
• Excretion and respiration happen at the cellular
  level

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Reproduction

• Asexual
• Budding - group of cells enlarge and separate
  from parent most common type
• Gemules - cluster of cells encased in a tough,
  spicule-reinforced coat
• Regeneration - small piece of a sponge can
  regenerate into a new one

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Reproduction continued

• Sexual
• sperm enters a collar cell then an amoebocyte
  transfers it to and ovum
• a flagellated larva leaves to find a good place
  to attach to

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Phylum Cnidaria

• All are aquatic most are marine
• Jellyfish coral anemones
• 2 Basic forms
• Polyp - cup-shaped mouth tentacles at one end
  sessile (anemones)
• Medusa - bell-shaped swim freely (jellyfish)

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Class Hydrozoas

• Hydras - freshwater white, green, brown
• Body shape - hollow tube w/ single opening
  tentacles surround mouth internal gastrovascular
  cavity
• Epidermis is mostly protective
• Gastrodermis - primarily for digestion
• Mesoglea separates the epidermis and gastrodermis
• Basal Disc attaches it to a surface

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Feeding Response

• Cnidoblasts line the tentacles and produce
  nematocysts
• Capable of dramatic responses
• Nerve net - network of nerve cells fibers
• control tentacles
• may contract into a ball
• http//videoserver.magnet.fsu.edu/nikon/pondscum/c
  oelenterata/hydra/mpeg/hydra05ob.mpg

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Reproduction

• Asexually by budding - starts as a small bump
• Regeneration - if hydra is cut in pieces
• Sexual - in fall or winter
• ovaries or testes are small swellings on the
  animal when the ovum ripens it gets exposed to
  the water where it is fertilized it forms a
  tough protective coat then detaches from the
  parent

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Portuguese Man-of- War

• Colony of hydrozoan polyps

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Class Scyphozoa Jellyfish

• Aurelia - common jellyfish
• Reproduction
• male releases sperm
• fertilize female ovum
• larva (planula) swims away
• larva becomes polyp
• polyp transforms and releases saucers

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Class Anthozoa Corals and Anemones

• Flowering animals
• Corals are polyps that live in stone skeletons or
  cups
• many times form colonies
• may form a reef or foundation for an island
• Sea anemones
• polyps that have rows of tentacles