Molecular Genetics

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Molecular Genetics
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DNA

• Define the term DNA
• Deoxyribonucleic acid
• Why is DNA important?
• Stores our genetic material
• Describe the structure of DNA
• Double helix, 4 types of nucleotides (ATCG)
• Describe the structure of a nucleotide
• Phosphate group, deoxyribose, nitrogenous waste
• How do the bases pair?
• A T, C - G

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Structure of DNA
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DNA continued

• How are the two strand bound together?
• Hydrogen bonds between bases
• How does DNA store our genetic material?
• As genes
• How do genes differ?
• Sequence of nucleotide bases

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Replication

• Why do we want DNA to replicate?
• For cell division (growth)
• How does replication begin?
• Breaking of Hydrogen bonds
• How are those bonds broken?
• Helicase
• How are the two new strands synthesized?
• DNA polymerase
• How do the two strands compare to the original
  strand?
• Exactly the same

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Replication continued

• Define semi-conservative replication
• Each original strand acts as a template for the
  new strands to be formed
• Each new strand is a combination of one original
  and one newly synthesized strand
• Write the complementary strand
  ATTTGCCACGGGAATACG
• Diagram the replication of this strand of DNA

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Replication of DNA
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DNA replication
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Protein Synthesis

• Where are proteins made in a cell?
• Ribosome
• Where do the instructions for the protein come
  from?
• DNA/Gene
• How does the gene get to the ribosome?
• mRNA (messenger RNA)
• What process creates mRNA?
• Transcription

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Transcription

• How is the gene exposed to make a RNA copy?
• Break hydrogen bonds
• How is mRNA synthesized?
• RNA polymerase
• Where does transcription take place?
• Nucleus
• Where does mRNA go?
• Ribosome

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Transcription
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Translation

• How does the ribosome use the mRNA?
• Guide to build the protein
• How do amino acids get to the ribosome?
• tRNA transfer RNA
• How do the tRNAs differ?
• Each carries a specific amino acid
• Describe the structure of tRNA
• Anticodon corresponds to a specific amino acid

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Translation continued

• How does the ribosome use the mRNA and tRNA to
  synthesize proteins
• Ribosome allows tRNA to bind with codon (triplet
  of bases on mRNA) if bases are complementary
• Why is it beneficial that the mRNA can be re-used?

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Translation
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Genetic Engineering

• Define selective breeding
• Having organisms of the same species breed to get
  offspring with desirable traits
• Drawbacks to selective breeding
• No guarantee the traits wanted will be present in
  the offspring

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Genetic Engineering II

• Define Hybridization
• Breed two closely related organisms to get
  desired traits
• Example liger, horse donkey mule husky and
  wolf big dog!!
• Define Inbreeding
• What are some problems with inbreeding?
• Non-desirable traits (recessive usually) are
  expressed more often in the offspring

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Genetic Engineering III

• Define transformation in terms of genetic
• Define recombinant DNA
• DNA of two or more species that are combined
  together (bacterial plasmid with human gene glow
  in the dark rabbit, etc.)
• How can we produce recombinant DNA?
• Describe the function of restriction enzymes in
  creating recombinant DNA

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Transformation
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Genetic Engineering IV

• Define the term clone
• Describe a procedure to make a clone
• Genetically how would clones from one donor
  compare
• Would they all look the same? Explain
• No, different genes may be activated causing the
  clone to look different
• Can you breed clones from one donor?
• No they are all the same sex

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Cloning Techniques