US Policy II

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U.S. POLICY II
Capt Moody
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The Contenders
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Overview

• Definition
• Foreign Policy 1776 - 1950
• Isolationism through Containment
• Deterrent Strategies 1950-89
• Massive Retaliation through Contemporary
  Containment
• Foreign Policy
• Post Containment Era (1989 - ?)

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US Foreign Policy

• The goals and guidelines that shape the
• conduct of American relations with
• other countries.

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FOREIGN POLICIES

• Isolationism
• Imperialism
• Pacifism
• UN Cooperation
• Containment
• Deterrent Strategies
• Post-Containment Era

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ISOLATIONISM

• New nation
• Still in turmoil internally
• Physical separation
• No phones, no lights, no motorcars...
• Neutrality Non-Entanglement
• Europe in violent times
• Very dependent on European trade

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IMPERIALISM

• Social Darwinism (by Europe)
• Colonialism
• US expanded overseas
• Guam, Philippines, Puerto Rico
• Panama Canal
• Monroe Doctrine Roosevelt Corollary
• Moral right obligation to intervene in Latin
  America to protect/restore American interests
• Nicaragua (1915)
• Dominican Republic and Haiti (1916)

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1914-1918

• World War I
• 10 million men lost their lives!
• War to end all wars

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PACIFISM

• US emerged as worlds most respected country
• Treaty of Versailles
• Sought to punish Germany
• League of Nations
• Neutrality acts
• Kellogg Peace Pact
• Outlawed war as a legitimate instrument of
  national policy
• US cut many ties to Europe

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Setting the stage for WWII.....

• Harsh reparations on Germany
• Great Depression
• Treaty enforcement
• Lack of political will to enforce them.

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UN COOPERATION

• Post World War II
• Had full political backing of US and USSR
• Stressed open communication among nations
• During this same period...

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Communist Expansion

• Soviet Union
• Poland, Baltics, Eastern Europe bloc
• Instigated rebellions elsewhere
• China falls to Communism
• Stability
• Reasons for expansion
• Communist doctrine
• World War II

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CONTAINMENT

• US had to stop Soviet expansion
• Marshall Plan/Berlin Airlift (1948)
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
• Significantly rebuilt Europe
• Countries able to resist USSR expansion
• Korea
• Third World nation stalemated us!
• Altered US foreign policy.

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Massive Retaliation

• Focus on technological and strategic superiority
• Use nuclear weapons at a time place of our
  choosing
• Launch of Sputnik in 1957
• America shocked
• Americas age of innocence was over
• America changed its deterrent policy once
  again...

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Graduated Response

• Soviet military capabilities vs population
• Expanded alliances in Pacific region
• Japan
• ANZUS Pact (1951)
• Tactical nuclear weapons
• Countered being outnumbered conventionally
• Main reason USSR kept in check?
• Support of SE Asia

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Flexible Response

• Restructure conventional forces
• Green Berets and Dual Basing
• Reconstruct airlift and sealift
• Mutual Assured Destruction
• No one wins...

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Realistic Deterrence/ Nixon Doctrine

• Essential Equivalence basic nuclear strategy
• Soviet nukes bigger and outnumbered ours, but
  ours more accurate
• Total Force concept
• Active duty, National Guard, Reserve, Coast
  Guard, allies.
• Security Assistance Program
• Trained nations to fight, loans, foreign aid

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Contemporary Containment/ Reagan Doctrine (1981)

• Became more outspoken about dislike of USSR
• Evil Empire
• Military rebuilt
• Increased pay raises
• New weapon systems
• Security Assistance Programs increased
• Allies shouldered more responsibility for own
  defense

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World started to change in 1989..

• Warsaw Pact crumbling
• Berlin Wall coming down
• Countries asserting independence from USSR.

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Post Containment Era/ Imperative of Engagement

• To credibly sustain our security with military
  forces that are ready to fight
• 2 MTWs nearly simultaneously
• To bolster Americas economic revitalization
• To promote democracy abroad

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Summary

• Definitions
• - Foreign Policy - National Security
• Foreign Policies
• - Isolationism - Imperialism
• - Pacifism - UN Cooperation
• - Containment - Post-Containment
• Deterrent Strategies
• - Massive Retaliation - Graduated Response
• - Flexible Response - Realistic Deterrence
• - Contemporary Containment