Leisures meanings through ''

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Leisures meanings through ..

• The humanities
• Ancient history
• Contemporary connotations

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Leisure legacies from ancient cultures

• The arts
• Contemplation
• Learning
• Mass spectacle
• Festivals and holidays
• Lush gardens
• Sports

3
Contemporary Meanings

• FREE TIME leisure is the weekend
• RECREATION ACTIVITY leisure is watching TV
• ATTITUDE leisure is making the most out of my
  life

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Humanities

• Areas of creation whose subject is human
  experience.

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Humanities

• Literature, art, and music offer glimpses of
  leisures meaning.
• As interpersonal unifying force?
• As emotional outlet?
• As peace and quiet?
• As contact with nature?
• As idleness?
• As excitement?
• As sociability?
• As ..?

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Leisure as a state of mind usually involves the
qualities of

• Happiness Relaxation
• Pleasure Ritual
• Freedom Solitude
• Intrinsic reward Commitment
• Play Spirituality
• Game Risk
• Laughter

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Aristotles philosophy of eudaimonia

• happiness is engaging in worthwhile pursuits

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Leisure as freedom .

• from escape from the necessities of life
• to seizing the possibilities

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Play Theories

• Older Surplus Energy
• Preparation
• Relaxation
• More Recent Catharsis
• Behavioristic
• Psychoanalytic
• Contemporary Arousal Seeking
• Competence-Effectance

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Theories of Laughter

• Superiority malice toward others
• Relief venting nervous energy
• Incongruity intellectual reaction to something
  unexpected

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Leisure ritual

• Holidays
• Site sacralization
• Interaction ritual

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Leisure as seriousness

• Expert
• Longevity
• Specialization

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Stebbins serious leisure concept

• Amateurs avocation that is central to life
• - high investment
• - long term and constant
• Hobbyists enthusiasm for, but not central
• Volunteering helping others

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Types of Intelligence

• IQ intellectual and rational intelligences
• EQ emotional intelligence
• SQ spiritual intelligence (finding life
  meaning)

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Indications of a Highly Developed SQ

• The capacity to be flexible (actively and
  spontaneously adaptive)
• A high degree of self-awareness
• The quality of being inspired by vision and
  values
• A tendency to see the connections between diverse
  things (being holistic)
• Being field-independent (possessing a facility
  for working against convention)
• A tendency to ask Why? or What if? questions

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Situational Factors Affect Leisure Behavior

• Age
• Gender
• Ethnicity
• Race
• Income
• Educational level
• Occupation
• Residence

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Lifestyle

• The stew pot of all demographic factors
• - a pattern for living
• - leisure is an important dimension
• - lifestyle types (such as the VALS)

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Theoretical Explanations for Leisure Behavior

• Compensation and spillover
• Leisure Types
• Neulingers Paradigm
• Iso-Aholas Pyramid
• Flow
• Leisure Boredom
• Self-as-Entertainment
• Theory of Anti-Structure
• Need-Satisfaction Model

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The Role of Intrinsic Determination

• Kellys Theory of Leisure Types intrinsic
  meaning
• Neulingers Paradigm intrinsic motivation
• Iso-Aholas Pyramid intrinsic motivation
• Csikszentmihalyis Flow autotelic
• Mannells Self-As-Entertainment use of self as
  means of filling time

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Leisure and Our Development

• Leisure stimulates and eases the transitions of
  change yet remains constant throughout life.

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Leisure Contributes to Emotional Development By

• Teaching joy, affection, and other positive
  feelings
• Helping us cope with anger, fear, anxiety, and
  other negative feelings

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Leisure Contributes to Social Development By

• Helping us achieve and remain vibrant within a
  social network

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Leisure Contributes to Physical Development By

• Developing motor control when young
• And, as an aid to staying physically vital when
  old

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Leisure Contributes to Intellectual Development
By

• Helping the learning process
• Sharpening such skills as language, intelligence,
  and creativity

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Social Interaction in Play

• Unoccupied play unfocused
• Solitary play playing alone
• Onlooker play observing others
• Parallel play playing alongside each other but
  not interacting
• Associative play some interaction
• Cooperative play fully interactive

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When Social Learning Harms Leisure

• Guilt and Worry I shouldnt spend so much time
  pursuing my leisure interests.
• Overchoice I must keep busy.
• Lessened Enjoyment Im only doing this activity
  because my friends are.

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Leisures Anthropology

• 1. How Culture Impacts Leisure
• - Characteristics of culture
• - Leisure and cultural change
• Hunches About the Earliest Human Cultures
• Leisure and Modernity
• - Technology and leisure
• - Leisure and postmodernism
• 4. Leisure in Developing Cultures

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Characteristics of Culture

• Shared
• Learned
• Symbols
• Integrated

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Leisure and Cultural Change

• Mechanisms of change that have implication for
  leisure
• Innovation
• Diffusion
• Loss
• Acculturation

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Modernization

• Leisure in modern societies is
• More commercial
• More diverse
• Sped up

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Postmodernism

• A breakdown of old certainties and standards due
  to modernity.
• Has leisure won or lost as a result of
  postmodernism?

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Factors of Happiness

• Understanding your environment and how to control
  it.
• Social support from family and friends.
• Species drive satisfaction.
• Satisfaction of physical well-being drives.
• Satisfaction of aesthetica nd sensory drives.
• Satisfaction of exploratory drive.

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Characteristics of Popular Culture

• Engaged in most often
• Commercial
• Trendy
• Specific to age groups

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Television Research

• From Kubey and Csikszentmihalyi (1990)
• - televison viewing is a passive, relaxing,
  low-concentration activity
• - motivation to watch is often driven by a
  wish to escape
• - watching TV becomes less rewarding the longer
  it is viewed

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Corners (1999) Pleasures of TV Watching

• Pleasures of knowledge
• Pleasures of comedy
• Pleasures of fantasy
• Pleasures of distraction, diversion, and routine

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Criticisms of Disney Theme Parks

• From Rojek (1993)
• - go beyond entertainment
• - present moralistic and idealized version of
  American way
• From Bryman (1995)
• - too much control of the experience

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Why Taboo Recreation?

• Anomie lack of purpose and identity resulting
  in the demise of social norms
• Differential association learned through
  contact with others
• Retreatist lifestyle a matter of personal
  expression

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Taboo Recreation That Injures Self

• A matter of ideational mentality
• For example,
• - substance abuse
• - compulsive participation
• - gambling

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Taboo Recreation That Injures Others

• A matter of sensate mentality
• For example,
• - vandalism
• - taboo sex

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The Dilemma of Goodness

• If leisure is a matter of personal attitudes and
  preferences, distinctions of worth and goodness
  for specific pastimes are useless.
• or
• If Aristotle is correct, and leisure is making
  moral free-time choices, certain pursuits are
  unworthy and bad.

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Of Time and Work

• While leisure is typically prescribed as the cure
  for the problems of time and work
• It has also adopted many of the characteristics
  of time and work that make them problematic.

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Types of Time

• Cyclical time time is constant and returning
• Mechanical time time is linear, never returning
• Biological time time is the rhythm of the
  living organism
• Social and cultural time time is set by social
  and cultural conditions

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Leisure Takes Place in Time as

• Personal perceptions of free time
• Adherence to clock time
• The time needs of leisure activities
• A cultures time sufficiency

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Time Tyrannies Against Leisure

• Time urgency
• Time deepening
• Time geography

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The Rewards of Work

• Money
• Central identity
• Human interaction
• Sense of contributing
• Its relation to leisure?

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Leisures Relation to Work

• Pessimistic view workaholism
• Optimistic view alternatives to work work
  becomes more like leisure
• Neutral view central life interest

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Using Leisure for Social Good

• As nations become more industrialized, they
  become more reliant on leisure as a tool for
  solving problems.
• This can be demonstrated through the history of
  organized leisure services in the United States.

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The Tragedy of the Commons

• The problem of unlimited access to commonly held
  resources that inevitably leads to an erosion of
  the quality of the leisure environment itself.
• (based on the ideas of Hardin)

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Recreation Needs Government Involvement

• Expressed government should be a neutral
  provider
• Comparative government should fill gaps for
  people in need
• Created government should actively promote
  leisure because people dont know what they want
• Normative government should provide certain
  well-established kinds of recreation
• Felt government should let the people choose
  what they want

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Using Leisure as Social Reform

• City parks
• National parks
• The Lyceum movement
• Voluntary agencies
• The Settlement House Movement
• The Playground Movement

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Leisures Organization as a Social Tool -
Transitions

• Kids ? all ages
• Summer ? year-long
• Outdoor ? indoor
• Urban ? rural
• Voluntary ? government
• Freely expressed ? organized
• Simple ? complex
• Facilities ? programs
• Individual ? group

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The Web of Leisure and Economics

• Economic development
• Capitalism
• Consumerism

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A new ethic?

• our ethic of open-ended consumption of goods
  has simply carried over to the consumption of
  experiences, making time not money the ultimate
  scarce commodity.
• Academy of Leisure Sciences,
• White Paper 8)

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Gen Y The First Wave

• Adults aged 18-24
• Optimistic about earning power
• Expect to have money because they want it
• Say the one thing that would improve their lives
  is having more money
• 37 currently own 3 credit cards
• College students today have a purchasing power of
  105 annually (average monthly discretionary
  spending of full-time undergraduate college
  students is 179)

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Gen Y The Second Wave

• Teens aged 12-17
• Spent 155 billion in 2000
• Average weekly spending 85
• Mostly spending this money on clothing
• 18 own stocks or bonds
• 30 are interested in getting their own credit
  card

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Gen Y The Third Wave

• Kids aged 7-11
• Spend an average of 4.72 a week of their own
  money
• Impact of this spending 10 billion a year
• Plus theres the spending they influence (260
  billion annually)

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What would you do?

• For 1 million would you be willing to never
  again see or talk to your best friend?
• Would you be willing to give up all television
  for the rest of your life if it would provide for
  1,000 starving children?
• If you had 1,000 to either spend on a nice
  vacation or relatives, which would you choose?

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The character of leisure and consumption today

• The activities of the rich are now the
  expectations of the masses
• Leisure expressions are diverse a consequence
  of increased discretionary income
• Leisure experiences have increased in quality
• In leisure we continually compare our lifestyle
  and possessions to others
• Spending money for leisure goods and experiences
  is the standard of belonging.

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Leisure and Equity

• There is not yet equity in leisure
• Leisure has the potential of being a great
  equalizer.

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Types of Leisure Constraints

• Structural architectural barriers
• Intrapersonal individual psychological states
  that intervene
• Interpersonal barriers from social interactions
  with friends, family

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Womens Inequity in Leisure

• Women experience inequity in leisure.
• Combining role obligations with leisure
• More likely to occur in the home and be
  unstructured
• Much is fragmented
• Women do not feel entitled

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Explanations for Differences in Leisure
Participation among Ethnic Groups

• Marginality thesis a function of lack of
  opportunity
• Ethnicity thesis culturally based value
  systems, norms and socialization patterns

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Immigrant Typology

• Autonomous (such as the Amish, Jews, and Mormons)
• Voluntary immigrant (such as Cubans, Haitians,
  and Mexicans)
• Involuntary non-immigrant (such as
  African-Americans, Native Americans, Native
  Alaskans, and Native Hawaiians)

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Outcomes of Negative Attitudes Toward Persons
with Disabilities

• Self-fulfilling prophecy a persons
  expectations become an accurate prediction of
  another persons behavior
• Spread phenomenon association of additional
  imperfections to a person on the basis of another
  disabling condition
• Over-exaggeration assumption people with
  disabilities think primarily about their
  disabilities

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Change Characteristics

• Uncertainty
• Knowledge-intensive
• Controversial
• Crosses organizational boundaries

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Framework of an Innovative Organization
Environment

• Alignment
• Self-initiated activity
• Unofficial activity
• Serendipity
• Diverse stimuli
• Within-organization communication

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Innovative Change Management

• Recognize an opportunity or problem -gt
• Line up a powerful coalition -gt
• Develop and communicate a vision -gt
• Empower others to act on the vision -gt
• Plan for and create short-term wins -gt
• Prepare to overcome resistance -gt
• Facilitate more change -gt
• Institutionalize changes

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Cultural Capital

• Personal resources that are useful for achieving
  competence in a societys high-status culture
• Most often derived from leisure skills and
  appreciations.

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Social Capital

• Features of community life, such as interpersonal
  networks, volunteering, and participation in
  self-governance.
• Most often derived from leisure resources.

70
Packages for Organized Leisure Services

• Sports and games
• Cultural arts
• Outdoor recreation
• Travel and tourism
• Hobbies
• Social recreation

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Sponsorships for Leisure

• Commercial agencies
• Private agencies
• Public agencies