Intelligence 2

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Intelligence 2
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IMPORTANT Upcoming Test

• one week from today
• Thursday January 29
• in class, NatSci 1, at 1200-150
• worth 10 of course grade
• 40 multiple choice questions
• Test Yourself questions give you some idea of
  what to expect
• A few sample test questions will be posted on the
  web on Tuesday
• Material covered
• Motivation lectures and Chapter 6 assigned FQs
• Reasoning Intelligence lectures and Chapter 10
  assigned FQs
• Note I recently removed Ch. 10, FQ10
  (heritability coefficient) from the assigned FQs
  -- it will NOT be tested
• NOT Language and Nonverbal Communication nor
  associated FQs (Ch 10, FQ 37-40)

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Three Minute Review

• REASONING
• Deductive reasoning
• Given a set of premises, draw a conclusion
• series problems
• syllogisms
• mental models (see text)
• Inductive reasoning
• See examples and make hypotheses to explain the
  situation/pattern
• Sherlock Holmes
• Errors
• representativeness overvalued (base rate
  undervalued)
• availability bias
• number of examples encountered biases probability
  estimates
• confirmation bias
• people try to prove rather than disprove their
  hypothesis
• Insight
• breaking out of mental sets
• avoiding functional fixedness
• Kohlers chimps had insight apparently crows do
  too

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• INTELLIGENCE
• Is there one type of intelligence?
• What practical applications have IQ tests been
  used for?
• IQ scores
• bell curve (normal) distribution
• mean 100
• SD 15

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Test Yourself

• Suppose a researcher gave subjects the following
  type of problem In a group of 100 people, 70 are
  pilots and 30 are bookkeepers. Of that group,
  one man is meek, timid, and enjoys helping
  people. Is he more likely to be a pilot or a
  bookkeeper? Most subjects would answer
• bookkeeper, demonstrating a bias toward
  representativeness.
• bookkeeper, demonstrating a prior probability
  bias.
• pilot, demonstrating use of the base-rate
  information given.
• pilot, demonstrating the availability bias.
• bookkeeper, demonstrating functional fixedness

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Intelligence Video

• Discovering Psychology (Zimbardo series) Testing
  and Intelligence

• What is the average IQ?
• What roles did the following people play in the
  history of intelligence testing
• Francis Galton
• Alfred Binet
• Lewis Terman (at Stanford)
• David Wechsler
• What are the following characteristics and why
  are they valuable in a test?
• validity
• reliability
• standardization
• Why is intelligence testing so controversial?
  Why might intelligence tests be biased to a
  particular group?
• Is there only one type of intelligence? What
  types of intelligence have been proposed by
  modern psychologists (particularly Howard Gardner
  and Robert Sternberg)?

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Is there one type of intelligence?
Charles Spearman 1863-1945

• Factor analysis
• developed by Spearman to tease apart components
  of intelligence
• are there clusters of correlations that suggest
  common underlying factors?

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Factor Analysis
CORRELATION
CORRELATION MATRIX
Coke Classic Dr. Pepper 7-UP Ginger Ale
Coke Classic --- .70 .65 .75
Dr. Pepper --- --- .59 .51
7-UP --- --- --- .68
Ginger Ale --- --- --- ---
Coke Classic Dr. Pepper 7-UP Ginger Ale
Coke Classic --- .70 .20 .33
Dr. Pepper --- --- .16 .18
7-UP --- --- --- .77
Ginger Ale --- --- --- ---
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General Intelligence Spearmans g
g

• Spearman suggested that scores on each subtest
  were determined by two factors
• g-factor (general intelligence)
• a general factor contributing to all tests
• s-factor (specific factors)
• factors that are specific to a particular test
  (e.g., arithmetic vs. spatial tests)

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What might g be?

• mental speed and working memory?
• computer analogy faster processor and more RAM
• significant correlations between reaction times
  and IQ (r -.35)
• neural efficiency?
• mental quickness may expand capacity of working
  memory
• mental self-government?
• computer analogy better operating system

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Duncans g-spot

• lateral prefrontal cortex
• activated by high-g versions of multiple
  intelligence tests

Non-intelligence control task
Hannibal Lecter You see, the brain itself feels
no pain, Clarice, if that concerns you. For
example, Paul won't miss this little piece here,
which is the, uh, part of the prefrontal lobe
which they say is the seat of good manners.
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Cattells Two-factor theory

• Cattell suggested two main factors in intelligence

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Cattells Two-factor theory
Fluid Intelligence

• Ability to perceive relationships independent of
  previous experience
• Examples matrix reasoning, object assembly
• Ability peaks around age 20-25, then declines

Raymond Cattell 1905-1998
Crystallized Intelligence

• Mental ability derived directly from previous
  experience.
• Examples vocabulary, information
• Ability increases over the lifetime (esp. in an
  intellectually stimulating environment)
• Less influenced by alcohol consumption and brain
  damage

• Correlation between Fluid Crystallized
  Intelligence? r .60

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Does IQ Count?
Worlds highest IQ
Not worlds highest IQ
George W. Bush IQ estimated at 91 Worlds most
powerful job
Marilyn Vos Savant IQ 228 Writes magazine advice
column Ask Marilyn
Estimates for other presidents Bill Clinton 182
Jimmy Carter 176 John F. Kennedy 174 Richard
Nixon 155 Ronald Reagan 105 George Bush Sr. 99
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Does IQ Predict Performance?

• socioeconomic status of parents is a better
  predictor of achievement than by IQ (education,
  connections?)
• better IQ better performance (r 0.2 - 0.4)
• prediction is better for new than experienced
  employees

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How to appear to have improved your IQ!!
Judging IQ from short videos

• Speak quickly, understandably, with lots of words
• you seem bright, you are bright

• Usin slang, saying um, being overweight
• you seem less bright, but not related

• Talking loudly, using proper English,
• you seem bright, but not related

Judgments based on just voice more accurate
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The Cynics View

• Intelligence is what intelligence tests test.

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Are there other types of intelligence?

• Savant Stephen Wiltshire
• autistic
• took much effort to gain minimal language skills
• could reproduce highly accurate drawings of
  buildings and places years after having only
  glanced at them
• had book of his artwork published

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Is IQ hereditary?The Sereno siblings
Marty neuroscientist (vision)
Paul paleontologist
Joan linguist
Margaret neuroscientist (vision)
Anne neuroscientist (vision)
Sara neuroscientist (language)

• six siblings, all talented academic scientists
• parents artist and educator mother and engineer
  and closet-scientist father
• genes or environment?

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Is IQ hereditary?
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(No Transcript)
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Flynn EffectIQ has increased over time

• Why?
• genes dont change that rapidly
• not likely to be extra schooling because more
  scholastic tests have shown smallest increases
• more stimulating and complex environments and
  societies?
• better prenatal care and nutrition?

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Nature vs. Nurture(or Nativism vs. Empricism)

• Are differences between people due to
  environmental or genetic differences?
• Misunderstanding the question
• Is a persons intelligence due more to genes or
  to environment?
• no genes no intelligence
• bad environment little intelligence
• both genes intelligence crucial for any trait

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Faulty Question
Which contributes more to the area of a desk top?
The length of the desk or the width?