Prentice Hall Introductory Sociology PowerPoint Slides, Version 3.0

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Prentice Hall Introductory Sociology PowerPoint
Slides, Version 3.0
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SOCIAL RESEARCH
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SOMETIMES A LITTLE RESEARCH INTO A SITUATION IS
GOOD ADVICE!
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TO BEGIN WITH, THERE ARE JUST TWO SIMPLE
REQUIREMENTS

• LOOK AT THE WORLD USING THE SOCIOLOGICAL
  PERSPECTIVE
• A VARIETY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIORS CALLING FOR
  INVESTIGATION
• BE CURIOUS AND ASK QUESTIONS
• TAKE OFF THE SOCIAL BLINDERS THAT STOP MAKING
  ONE CURIOUS

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COMMON SENSE VS. SCIENCE

• POOR PEOPLE ARE MORE LIKELY THAN RICH PEOPLE TO
  BREAK THE LAW
• YES, BUT WE TEND TO PROSECUTE THE POOR MORE, AND
  WE CREATE LAWS THAT SEEM TO ENSURE WE WILL
  PROSECUTE THE POOR MORE OFTEN
• THE UNITED STATES IS A MIDDLE-CLASS SOCIETY IN
  WHICH MOST PEOPLE ARE MORE OR LESS EQUAL
• THE RICHEST 5 PERCENT OF PEOPLE CONTROL HALF OF
  THE COUNTRYS WEALTH
• MOST POOR PEOPLE IGNORE OPPORTUNITIES TO WORK
• IT IS TRUE FOR SOME, BUT NOT ALL POOR PEOPLE, AND
  KEEP IN MIND THAT HALF OF THOSE CLASSIFIED AS
  POOR ARE NOT EXPECTED TO BE WORKING (E.G.,
  CHILDREN, THE ELDERLY, ETC.)
• WORLDWIDE, MOST PEOPLE MARRY BECAUSE THEY ARE IN
  LOVE
• IN MOST SOCIETIES, ROMANTIC LOVE HAS LITTLE TO DO
  WITH GETTING MARRIED TO SOMEONE

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A LOGICAL SYSTEM THAT DERIVES KNOWLEDGE FROM
DIRECT, SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION

• CONCEPTS
• ABSTRACT IDEAS THAT REPRESENT SOME ASPECT OF THE
  WORLD, ALBEIT IN A SOMEWHAT SIMPLIFIED FORM
• VARIABLES
• CONCEPTS WHOSE VALUES CHANGE FROM CASE TO CASE
• INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES
• MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES
• THE MEANS BY WHICH THE VALUE OF A VARIABLE IS
  DETERMINED
• OPERATIONALIZATION- THE PROCESS OF SPECIFYING
  WHAT IS TO BE MEASURED IN EACH CASE

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• RELIABILITY - THE QUALITY OF CONSISTENT
  MEASUREMENT
• DOES AN INSTRUMENT PROVIDE FOR A CONSISTENT
  MEASURE OF THE SUBJECT MATTER?
• VALIDITY - THE QUALITY OF MEASURING PRECISELY
  WHAT ONE INTENDS TO MEASURE
• DOES AN INSTRUMENT ACTUALLY MEASURE WHAT IT SETS
  OUT TO MEASURE?
• WHAT ASSUMPTIONS MUST BE MADE ABOUT ISSUES OF
  RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY WHEN PERFORMING RESEARCH?

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RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIABLES

• CAUSE AND EFFECT
• A RELATIONSHIP IN WHICH CHANGE IN ONE VARIABLE
  CAUSES CHANGE IN ANOTHER
• EXAMPLE OVERCROWDING CAUSES DELINQUENCY
• TYPES OF VARIABLES
• INDEPENDENT THE VARIABLE THAT CAUSES THE CHANGE
  (OVERCROWDING)
• DEPENDENT THE VARIABLE THAT CHANGES
  (DELINQUENCY)
• CORRELATION
• WHEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES CHANGE TOGETHER THEY
  DEMONSTRATE CORRELATION

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CORRELATION CAUTION
IF TWO VARIABLES VARY TOGETHER, THEY ARE SAID TO
BE CORRELATED. IN THIS EXAMPLE, DENSITY OF
LIVING CONDITIONS AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
INCREASE AND DECREASE TOGETHER.
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CHECKING THE EFFECT OF A THIRD VARIABLE
WHEN A THIRD VARIABLE IS CONSIDERED, IN THIS CASE
THAT OF INCOME LEVEL, IS IT DISCOVERED THAT LOW
INCOME MAY BE RELATED TO BOTH DENSITY OF LIVING
CONDITIONS AND DELINQUENCY RATES. IN OTHER
WORDS, AS INCOME LEVEL DECREASES, BOTH DENSITY OF
LIVING CONDITIONS AND DELINQUENCY RATES
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ORIGINAL CORRELATION DISAPPEARS
THUS, WHEN INCOME LEVEL IS CONTROLLED (EXAMINE
ONLY CASES WITH THE SAME INCOME LEVEL) DO THOSE
WITH HIGHER DENSITY LIVING CONDITIONS STILL HAVE
A HIGHER DELINQUENCY RATE? THE ANSWER IS NO.
THERE IS NO LONGER A CORRELATION BETWEEN THESE
TWO VARIABLES!
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SOWHAT DOES IT ALL MEAN?
SPURIOUS
CAUSE
CAUSE
THE FINDINGS LEAD ONE TO CONCLUDE THAT INCOME
LEVEL IS A CAUSE OF BOTH DENSITY OF LIVING
CONDITIONS AND THE DELINQUENCY RATE. THERE MAY
BE A CORRELATION BETWEEN THE ORIGINAL VARIABLES,
BUT NOW DOUBT CAN BE CAST UPON THE THOUGHT THAT
ONE CAUSES THE OTHER.
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CORRELATION DOES NOT MEAN CAUSE AND EFFECT!

• CORRELATION
• TWO OR MORE VARIABLES CHANGE TOGETHER
• CONDITIONS FOR CAUSE AND EFFECT TO BE CONSIDERED
• EXISTENCE OF A CORRELATION
• THE INDEPENDENT (CAUSAL) VARIABLE PRECEDES THE
  DEPENDENT VARIABLE IN TIME
• NO EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT A THIRD VARIABLE IS
  RESPONSIBLE FOR A SPURIOUS CORRELATION BETWEEN
  THE TWO ORIGINAL VARIABLES

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OBJECTIVITY

• IDEAL VERSUS REALITY
• OBJECTIVITY IS ALWAYS MORE OF AN IDEAL THAN A
  REALITY FOR SCIENTISTS
• TOTAL IMPARTIALITY IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR THE
  RESEARCHER TO ACHIEVE
• THINK IN TERMS OF SELECTING THE TOPIC OF
  INTEREST AND QUESTION FORMATION
• MAX WEBERS THOUGHTS
• SOCIAL RESEARCH IS VALUE-RELEVANT
• CONSIDER THE TOPICS/ISSUES UNDER INVESTIGATION
• RESEARCHERS SIMPLY NEED TO TRY THEIR BEST TO
  ACHIEVE A VALUE-FREE POSITION IN PURSUIT OF THEIR
  CONCLUSIONS.
• REPLICATION BY OTHERS IS ONE KEY!

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SOCIAL RESEARCH HAS LIMITATIONS

• HUMANS ARE TOO COMPLEX TO PRECISELY PREDICT
  ACTIONS
• HAWTHORNE EFFECT ON SUBJECTS
• THE AMOUNT OF DIVERSITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE FOUND
  IN SOCIETY RESULTS IN CONTINUAL CHANGE
• TRUE OBJECTIVITY IS DIFFICULT, IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE
  TO ACHIEVE

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• CREATIVE THINKING IS IMPORTANT FOR AT LEAST THREE
  REASONS
• MUCH INSIGHT COMES FROM CREATIVE THINKING
  PROCESSES
• SCIENCE CANNOT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE RANGE OF
  HUMAN MOTIVATIONS AND FEELINGS
• IN THE END, SCIENTIFIC DATA ALWAYS CALLS FOR A
  SUBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION

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GENDER AND RESEARCH

• ANDROCENTRICITY
• MALE-CENTERED RESEARCH, OR APPROACHING THE TOPIC
  FROM A MALE-ONLY PERSPECTIVE
• OVERGENERALIZING
• USING DATA COLLECTED FROM ONE SEX AND APPLYING
  THE FINDINGS TO BOTH SEXES
• GENDER INSENSITIVITY
• THE FAILURE TO CONSIDER THE IMPACT OF GENDER AT
  ALL IN THE SUBJECT MATTER IN QUESTION
• DOUBLE STANDARDS
• THE SAME STANDARDS SHOULD BE APPLIED TO BOTH
  SEXES IN ORDER TO NOT DISTORT FINDINGS
• INTERFERENCE
• THIS OCCURS WHEN A SUBJECT UNDER STUDY REACTS TO
  THE SEX OF THE RESEARCHER RATHER THAN THE SUBJECT
  MATTER UNDER STUDY

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• FINDINGS MUST BE DISCLOSED IN FULL WITHOUT
  OMITTING SIGNIFICANT DATA
• RESEARCHERS MUST BE WILLING TO SHARE THEIR DATA
  WITH OTHERS
• PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS AND PRIVACY OF THE
  SUBJECTS TAKING PART
• SUBJECTS AND CONFIDENTIALITY
• SUBJECTS MUST BE MADE AWARE OF THE TRUE PURPOSE
  OF RESEARCH
• MAINTAIN AWARENESS OF ANY DANGERS

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STRATEGIES FOR SYSTEMATICALLY CARRYING OUT
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

• EXPERIMENTS
• HIGHLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
• SURVEYS
• QUESTIONNAIRES AND INTERVIEWS
• PARTICIPANT OBSERVATIONS
• JOINING IN ACTIVITIES OF GROUPS
• EXISTING SOURCES
• SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF DATA

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WAYS OF REASONING
HEY! THIS IS HOW THEORY AND RESEARCH METHODS
ARE LINKED!

• INDUCTIVE LOGIC
• REASONING THAT TRANSFORMS SPECIFIC OBSERVATIONS
  INTO GENERAL THEORY
• I HAVE SOME DATA HEREI WONDER WHAT SENSE I CAN
  MAKE OF IT
• DEDUCTIVE LOGIC
• REASONING THAT TRANSFORMS GENERAL THEORY INTO
  SPECIFIC HYPOTHESES SUITABEL FOR TESTING
• I HAVE THIS HUNCH ABOUT THIS TOPICLETS COLLECT
  SOME DATA AND PUT THE HUNCH TO A TEST

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THE RESEARCH PROCESS
SO MANY THINGS TO GET RIGHT!

• SELECT AND DEFINE TOPIC
• LITERATURE REVIEW IS CONDUCTED
• ASSESS REQUIREMENTS FOR STUDY
• DEVELOP KEY QUESTIONS TO ASK
• CONSIDER ETHICAL ISSUES
• DEVISE A RESEARCH STRATEGY
• COLLECT THE DATA
• INTERPRET THE FINDINGS
• STATE CONCLUSIONS
• PUBLISH THE FINDINGS

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THE TRUTHNOTHING BUT THE TRUTH!

• WAYS PEOPLE USE STATISTICS
• PEOPLE SELECT THEIR DATA
• DATA MAY NOT BE THE WHOLE TRUTH
• PEOPLE INTERPRET THEIR DATA
• AS IF NUMBERS CAN ONLY MEAN ONE THING
• PEOPLE SUE GRAPHS TO SPIN THE TRUTH
• MANIPULATING TIMEFRAMES ON GRAPHS

STATS WIZARD
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HUMAN SOCIETIES
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SOCIETYPEOPLE WHO INTERACT WITHIN A DEFINED
TERRITORY WHILE SHARING A COMMON CULTURE OR WAY
OF LIFE
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VISIONS OF SOCIETYFOUR DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES ON
WHAT ACCOUNTS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE AND SOCIETAL
EVOLUTION

• GERHARD AND JEAN LENSKI
• SOCIETY AND TECHNOLOGY
• KARL MARX
• SOCIETY IN CONFLICT
• MAX WEBER
• SOCIETY AND RATIONALITY
• EMILE DURKHEIM
• SOCIETY AND FUNCTION

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SOCIOCULTURAL EVOLUTIONTHE PROCESS OF CHANGE
THAT RESULTS FROM A SOCIETYS GAINING NEW
INFORMATION, PARTICULARLY TECHNOLOGY

• SOCIETIES RANGE FROM SIMPLE TO THE
  TECHNOLOGICALLY COMPLEX
• SOCIETIES SIMPLE IN TECHNOLOGY TEND TO RESEMBLE
  ONE ANOTHER
• MORE COMPLEX SOCIETIES REVEAL STRIKING CULTURAL
  DIVERSITY

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THE WAY THE LENSKIS SEE THINGS
TECHNOLOGY SHAPES OTHER CULTURAL PATTERNS.
SIMPLE TECHNOLOGY CAN ONLY SUPPORT SMALL NUMBERS
OF PEOPLE WHO LIVE SIMPLE LIVES. THE GREATER
AMOUNT OF TECHNOLOGY A SOCIETY HAS WITHIN ITS
GRASP, THE FASTER CULTURAL CHANGE WILL TAKE
PLACE. HIGH-TECH SOCIETIES ARE CAPABLE OF
SUSTAINING LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE WHO ARE
ENGAGED IN A DIVERSE DIVISION OF LABOR.
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TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETAL EVOLUTION

• TECHNOLOGY
• APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE TO THE PRACTICAL TASKS
  OF LIVING
• HUNTING AND GATHERING
• SIMPLE TOOLS USED FOR EACH TASK
• HORTICULTURAL
• USE OF HAND TOOLS FOR CROP WORK
• PASTORALISM
• DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS
• AGRICULTURAL
• LARGE-SCALE CULTIVATION
• INDUSTRIAL
• USE OF SOPHISTICATED FUELS AND MACHINERY

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SOCIETY IN CONFLICT

• SOCIAL CONFLICT
• STRUGGLE BETWEEN GROUPS OVER SCARCE RESOURCES
• SOCIETY AND PRODUCTION
• CAPITALISTS AND THE PROLETARIAT
• SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
• INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE
• FALSE CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS
• PLACING BLAME ON INDIVIDUALS

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THE CONFLICT PARADIGM
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CAPITALISM AND ALIENATION

• FOUR SPECIFIC WAYS CAPITALISM CAN ALIENATE
  WORKERS
• FROM THE ACT OF WORKING
• NO LONGER HAVING A SAY IN PRODUCTION
• FROM THE PRODUCTS OF WORK
• NO OWNERSHIP IN THE PRODUCT THAT IS MERELY SOLD
  FOR PROFIT
• FROM OTHER WORKERS
• WORK HAS BECOME COMPETITIVE RATHER THAN
  COOPERATIVE
• FROM HUMAN POTENTIAL
• BECOMING A STRANGER UNTO ONESELF

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THE HISTORICAL CHANGE FROM TRADITIONTO
RATIONALITY AS THE DOMINANT MODE OF HUMAN THOUGHT

• RATIONALISM, CALVINISM, AND INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM
• PREDESTINATION AND GODS FAVOR
• FROM A RELIGIOUS TO A WORK ETHIC
• RATIONAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
• DISTINCTIVE SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS THAT SEE TO
  MEETING THE DEMANDS OF A GROWING, COMPLEX SOCIETY

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WEBERS RATIONAL SOCIETYBUREAUCRACIES WILL
BECOME THE FAVORITE FORM OF ORGANIZATION, AND
SOCIAL LIFE WILL STRESS THE FOLLOWING
HERE ARE SIX WAYS A PERSON CAN TELL WHETHER OR
NOT ORGANIZATIONS ARE MORE RATIONAL THAN
TRADITIONAL.

• DISTINCTIVE SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
• LARGE ORGANIZATIONS
• SPECIALIZED DIVISION OF LABOR
• PERSONAL DISCIPLINE IS PART OF VALUE SYSTEM
• AWARENESS OF TIME
• TECHNICAL COMPETENCE
• IMPERSONALITY

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DURKHEIMS VIEWS ON SOCIETY

• SOCIETY
• MORE THAN INDIVIDUALS
• SOCIETY HAS A LIFE OF ITS OWN - BEYOND OUR
  PERSONAL EXPERIENCES
• SOCIAL FACTS
• ANY PATTERNS ROOTED IN SOCIETY RATHER THAN THE
  EXPERIENCE OF INDIVIDUALS
• SOCIETY HAS AN OBJECTIVE EXISTENCE BEYOND OUR
  OWN SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTIONS OF THE WORLD
• EXAMPLES NORMS, VALUES, RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, AND
  RITUALS
• POWER TO GUIDE OUR THOUGHTS/ACTIONS

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EXAMINING SOCIETY
EVER FEEL LIKE YOURE A PUPPET ON A STRING?

• THREE ASPECTS OF DURKHEIMIAN THOUGHT
• SOCIETY HAS A STRUCTURE AND ITS VARIOUS PARTS
  EXISTS IN AN ORDERLY RELATIONSHIP
• SOCIETY HAS POWER THAT IS DEMONSTRATED IN HOW IT
  SHAPES OUR THOUGHTS AND ACTIONS
• SOCIETY HAS AN OBJECTIVE EXISTENCE AS IT OPERATES
  APART FORM ANY INDIVIDUALS SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE

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WHERES THE GLUE?

• WHAT HOLDS SOCIETIES TOGETHER?
• LENSKIS
• A SHARED CULTURE
• KARL MARX
• ELITES FORCE AN UNEASY PEACE
• MAX WEBER
• RATIONAL THOUGHT, LARGE-SCALE ORGANIZATIONS
• EMILE DURKHEIM
• SPECIALIZED DIVISIONS OF LABOR

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ARE SOCIETIES IMPROVING?

• THE LENSKIS
• MODERN TECHNOLOGY OFFERS EXPANDED HUMAN CHOICE,
  BUT LEAVES US WITH NEW SETS OF DANGERS
• KARL MARX
• SOCIAL CONFLICT WOULD ONLY END ONCE PRODUCTION OF
  GOODS AND SERVICES WERE TAKEN OUT OF THE HANDS OF
  THE CAPITALISTS AND PLACED INTO THE HANDS OF ALL
  PEOPLE
• MAX WEBER
• SAW SOCIALISM AS A GREATER EVIL THAN CAPITALISM,
  AS LARGE, ALIENATING BUREAUCRACIES WOULD GAIN
  EVEN MORE CONTROL OVER PEOPLE
• EMILE DURKHEIM
• OPTIMISTIC ABOUT MODERNITY AND THE POSSIBILITY OF
  MORE FREEDOM FOR INDIVIDUALS, BUT CONCERNED ABOUT
  THE DANGERS OF ANOMIC FEELINGS

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• ...THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF HUMAN SOCIETY
• SYSTEMATIC
• SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE THAT FOCUSES ATTENTION ON
  PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR
• HUMAN SOCIETY
• GROUP BEHAVIOR IS PRIMARY FOCUS HOW GROUPS
  INFLUENCE INDIVIDUALS AND VICE VERSA
• AT THE HEART OF SOCIOLOGY
• THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE WHICH OFFERS A
  UNIQUE VIEW OF SOCIETY

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REASONS FOR TAKING SOCIOLOGY

• EDUCATION AND LIBERAL ARTS
• WELL-ROUNDED AS A PERSON
• SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS
• MORE APPRECIATION FOR DIVERSITY
• THE GLOBAL VILLAGE
• DOMESTIC SOCIAL MARGINALITY
• ENHANCED LIFE CHANCES
• MICRO AND MACRO UNDERSTANDING
• INCREASE SOCIAL POTENTIALS

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OTHER WAYS SOCIOLOGY ALLOWS US TO SEE ANEW

• ADVANTAGES OF A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
• SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL MARGINALITY
• ALLOWS US TO NOTICE DIVERSITY IN AMERICA
• SOCIOLOGY DRAWS ATTENTION TO SOCIAL CRISIS
• IMPORTANCE OF THESE ITEMS
• THEY ALLOW US TO SEE THE CONNECTION BETWEEN MICRO
  AND MACRO SOCIAL ELEMENTS

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GLOBAL LINKAGE

• SOCIOLOGY OFFERS STUDENTS THE OPPORTUNITY TO
  UNDERSTAND THE GLOBAL VILLAGE
• ALL SOCIETIES ARE INCREASINGLY CONNECTED THROUGH
  TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS
• INTERDEPENDENCY OF NATIONS
• MANY SOCIAL PROBLEMS FACED BY AMERICANS ARE MORE
  SERIOUS ELSEWHERE
• MORE AWARENESS
• UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL ISSUES AND THE WORLD AROUND
  AMERICA ALLOWS STUDENTS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND
  THEMSELVES
• FEWER ETHNOCENTRIC TENDENCIES

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The Sociological Perspective

• OBSERVATIONS ARE CERTAINLY IMPACTED BY THE
  PERSONAL PERSPECTIVES THROUGH WHICH PEOPLE COME
  TO VIEW THE WORLD

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THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVEPETER BERGER

• SEE THE GENERAL IN THE PARTICULAR
• GENERAL SOCIAL PATTERNS IN THE BEHAVIOR OF
  PARTICULAR INDIVIDUALS
• INDIVIDUALS ARE UNIQUEBUT
• SOCIETYS SOCIAL FORCES SHAPE US INTO KINDS OF
  PEOPLE
• CONSIDER THESE
• PEOPLE MORE LIKELY TO KILL THEMSELVES
• PEOPLE MORE LIKELY TO GO TO AND SUCCEED IN
  COLLEGE AND ENJOY A FAVORABLE QUALITY OF LIFE

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Seeing the General in the Particular
WHAT SOCIAL FORCES ARE AT WORK HERE?
PER 100,000 PERSONS
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• DURKHEIMS STUDY OF SUICIDE
• MORE LIKELY TO COMMIT
• MALE PROTESTANTS WHO WERE WEALTHY AND UNMARRIED
  HAD HIGHER SUICIDE RATES
• PROTESTANTISM AND INDIVDUALISM
• LESS LIKELY TO COMMIT
• MALE JEWS AND CATHOLICS WHO WERE POOR AND MARRIED
• BEING CATHOLIC AND GROUP-ORIENTATION
• ONE OF THE BASIC FINDINGS WHY?
• THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THESE GROUPS HAD TO DO
  WITH SOCIAL INTEGRATION
• THOSE WITH STRONG SOCIAL TIES HAD LESS OF A
  CHANCE OF COMMITING SUICIDE

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COLLEGE BOUND?

• A COLLEGE DEGREE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS IN AMERICA
• WHAT IS IT ABOUT SOCIETY THAT MAKES THESE PEOPLE
  MORE OR LESS LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE A COLLEGE
  EDUCATION?
• BLACKS 60 PERCENT
• HISPANICS 66 PERCENT
• WHITES 68 PERCENT
• ONLY PART OF THE STORY
• COLLEGE DROPOUT RATES ARE VERY HIGH AMONGST
  BLACKS AND HISPANICS

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SEEING THE STRANGE IN THE FAMILIARPETER
BERGERTHINGS ARENT ALWAYS WHAT THEY SEEM

• SOCIOLOGY ASKS STUDENTS TO
• GIVE UP FAMILIAR ASSUMPTIONS
• KNOW THAT SOCIETY INFLUENCES PEOPLE BY GUIDING
  THOUGHTS AND BEHAVIORS
• ANY DOUBTS???
• TO WHAT REAL EXTENT DID YOUR OWN FREE WILL
  ENTER INTO YOUR DECISION TO ATTEND COLLEGE?
• WHAT ABOUT EXTERNAL SOCIAL FORCES?

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EXTERNAL FORCES SIT RIGHT ON TOP OF US!!!
REWARDS PUNISHMENTS
SOCIETY
COMMUNITY
NORMS
DYADS
GROUPS
ORGANIZATIONS
AND NORMS
NORMS
NORMS
SOCIETY
SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS
NORMS
NORMS
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SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION

• C. WRIGHT MILLS SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION
• SOCIETY IS OFTEN RESPONSIBLE FOR MANY OF OUR
  PROBLEMS
• WE NEED TO LEARN TO SEPARATE THINGS THAT HAVE TO
  DO WITH
• PERSONAL TROUBLES, OR BIOGRAPHY
• SOCIAL ISSUES, OR HISTORY
• EXAMPLES
• WOMENS OPPORTUNITIES AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY
  AND THESE DAYS
• LIFESTYLES OF THOSE WE LABEL DISABLED IN THE
  1950S AND NOW

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THINK IN TERMS OF FAMILY, THE ECONOMY, RELIGION,
THE LEGAL SYSTEM, AND SCHOOL
THINK IN TERMS OF LAWS, VALUES, NORMS,
TRADITIONS, SOCIAL EXPECATIONS, ROLES, STATUSES,
AND BELIEF SYSTEMS.
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STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO SEE THE CONNECTION
BETWEEN BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY!
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THE DISCIPLINES ORIGINS

• SOCIOLOGY SPRANG FROM THREE SEPARATE, YET
  INTERDEPENDENT REVOLUTIONS
• THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• A BELIEF IN SCIENCE BEGAN TO REPLACE TRADITIONAL
  FORMS OF AUTHORITY
• THE ECONOMIC REVOLUTION
• INDUSTRIALISM AND CAPITALISM WERE CHANGING
  ECONOMIC PATTERNS
• THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION
• MORE DEMOCRATIC VALUES AND STANDARDS WERE BEING
  ADOPTED

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PERSONALITIES

• AUGUSTE COMTE (1798-1857)
• POSITIVISM LAW OF THREE STAGES THE TWIN
  PILLARS
• KARL MARX (1818-1883)
• CLASS CONFLICT/STRUGGLE
• HERBERT SPENCER (1820-1903)
• SOCIAL DARWINISM
• EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917)
• GROUP FORCES SOCIAL SOLIDARITY
• W.E.B. DU BOIS (1868-1963)
• PLIGHT OF AFRICAN AMERICANS

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WOMEN IN SOCIOLOGY

• HARRIET MARTINEAU (1802-1876)
• TRANSLATED THE WORKS OF AUGUSTE COMTE
• FOCUSED ON ISSUES SURROUNDING
• WOMENS RIGHTS
• SLAVERY
• THE WORKPLACE AND FACTORY LAWS
• JANE ADDAMS (1860-1933)
• SOCIAL WORKER
• DEVELOPED PLAN TO HELP IMMIGRANTS NEW TO CITY
  LIFE IN AMERICA
• HULL HOUSE IN CHICAGO
• NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNER, 1931

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SOCIAL PARADIGMS

• THEORY A STATEMENT OF HOW AND WHY FACTS ARE
  RELATED
• PARADIGM A SET OF FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS THAT
  GUIDES THINKING

DOWN WITH PEOPLE
PEOPLE HOLD DIFFERING OPINIONS ABOUT THEIR SOCIAL
WORLD WE ALL COME FROM DIFFERENT
SOCIAL EXPERIENCES AND THEY BIAS OUR ASSUMPTIONS
UP WITH PEOPLE
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STRUCTURAL -FUNCTIONALISM

• THE BASICS
• A MACRO-ORIENTED (LARGE-SCALE) PARADIGM
• VIEWS SOCIETY AS A COMPLEX SYSTEM WITH MANY
  INTERDEPENDENT PARTS
• THE PARTS WORK TOGETHER TO PROMOTE SOCIAL
  STABILITY AND ORDER
• MAJOR CHANGES TO THE SYSTEMS PARTS IS NOT
  REQUIRED OR DESIRED SYSTEM SEEKS TO MAINTAIN IT
  EQUILIBRIUM
• KEY ELEMENTS
• SOCIAL STRUCTURE
• REFERS TO RELATIVELY STABLE PATTERNS OF SOCIAL
  BEHAVIOR FOUIND IN SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
• SOCIAL FUNCTION
• REFERS TO THE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL PATTERNS FOR
  SOCIETY
• THE WORK OF ROBERT K. MERTON ON SOCIAL FUNCTION

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• THE BASICS
• A MACRO-ORIENTED PARADIGM
• VIEWS SOCIETY AS A STRUCTURED SYSTEM BASED ON
  INEQUALITY
• SOCIAL CONFLICT BETWEEN GROUPS OVER SCARCE
  RESOURCES IS THE NORM
• KEY ELEMENTS
• SOCIETY IS STRUCTURED IN WAYS TO BENEFIT A FEW AT
  THE EXPENSE OF THE MAJORITY
• FACTORS SUCH AS RACE, SEX, CLASS, AND AGE ARE
  LINKED TO SOCIAL INEQUALITY
• DOMINANT GROUP VS. MINORITY GROUP RELATIONS
• INCOMPATIBLE INTERESTS AND MAJOR DIFFERENCES

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THE CONFLICT PARADIGM
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SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
SYMBOLIC INTERACTION IS A MICRO-ORIENTED
PARADIGM, WHICH MEANS IT IS EFFECTIVELY USED WHEN
ATTEMPTING TO UNDERSTAND SMALLER-SCALE SOCIAL
PHENOMENA

• THE BASICS
• THE VIEW THAT SOCIETY IS THE PRODUCT OF EVERYDAY
  INTERACTIONS
• PRINCIPLES
• SOCIETY IS A COMPLEX MOSAIC OF UNDERSTANDING THAT
  EMERGES FROM THE VERY PROCESS OF INTERACTING
• GOFFMANS DRAMATURGICAL ANALSYIS
• THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY

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BURGER AND LUCKMANNS IDEAS

• THINK OF LANGUAGE AS A CONSTANT PROCESS THAT
  INVOLVES
• EXTERNALIZATION
• CREATION OF INSTITUTIONS AND RULES THAT GOVERN
  INTERACTION
• OBJECTIFICATION
• PEOPLE BEGIN TO SEE SUCH ARRANGEMENTS AS DO NOT
  HAVE A HUMAN CONNECTION - REIFICATION
• INTERNALIZATION
• WE INTERNALIZE A SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED REALITY AS
  WE LEARN TO ADAPT TO SOCIETY ON OUR WAY TO
  BECOMING A NORMAL HUMAN
• EXAMPLE THE PROCESS BY WHICH A TECHNICAL
  COLLEGE IS TRANSFORMED INTO A COMPREHENSIVE
  COMMUNITY COLLEGE